Watch Stream Apollo 13 Without Registering no sign up Part 1

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Tomatometers 7,7 / 10 / / Ron Howard / duration 140m / Countries USA / creator Al Reinert. 1:20 this is what you came for.

Watch apollo 13 Online Vudu. Watch Apollo 13 movie spoilers Download Apollo Youtube. …. Apollo 13 imdb. Apollo 13 movie cast. In Netflix in english la movie. As a nine year old in the UK I stayed up all night to watch this through, these guys represented my/our future. For some reason I remember that when they got them on the carrier the band played Aquarius, instead of the Stars and Stripes. Does anyone else recall this. Theres no audio available form the engineers like u have in your as it happened video. Apollo 13 launch. Apollo 11 coins. Apollo 13 juillet. Apollo 13 mission.

Trailer Based on the true story of the ill-fated 13th Apollo mission bound for the moon. Astronauts Lovell, Haise and Swigert were scheduled to fly Apollo 14, but are moved up to 13. It's 1970, and America have already achieved their lunar landing goal, so there's little interest in this "routine" flight... until that is, things go very wrong, and prospects of a Genre: Adventure, Drama, History Actor: Tom Hanks, Bill Paxton, Kevin Bacon, Gary Sinise Director: ron howard Country: Usa Duration: 140 min Quality: HD Release: 1995 IMDb: 7. 6. I just watched the first man and am doing my research. Apollo 12 art robert watts.

Apollo 13 123movies. Supr film ale brecela ale Luke. The film was convincing out in space, a little too "way to go" ra ra back at mission control, and totally disastrous on the "folks back home" parts - cheesy, sentimental, melodramatic and poorly acted. In addition the music was too "in your face" and lacked all we have to remember, it was made for an American audience, who love ra ra and heavy doses of kitchy sentimentality.
The film was convincing out in space, a little too "way to go" ra ra back at mission control, and totally disastrous on the "folks back home" parts - cheesy, sentimental, melodramatic and poorly acted. In addition the music was too "in your face" and lacked all we have to remember, it was made for an American audience, who love ra ra and heavy doses of kitchy sentimentality.

I can't see Tom Hanks. Apollo 13 online. Apollo 11. Apollo 13 mars. Apollo 13 ending. Thanks The - Appreciiate the kind words. Apollo 12. YouTube. Apollo 13 trailer. Apollo 13 commander. Apollo 11 astronauts. Isn't it super awesome that we live in a time when we can now look back on our own history and know that we have travelled into space, not only that, but we have walked on the surface of the moon! Yes, but the fact that we also live in a time where millions of idiots insist that it never happened at all is enough to give me a migraine. Apollo 13, NASA.

Apollo 13.
Apollo 13 Based on the true story of the ill-fated 13th Apollo mission bound for the moon. "Houston, we have a problem. Those words were immortalized during the tense days of the Apollo 13 lunar mission crisis in 1970, events recreated in this epic historical drama from Ron Howard. Astronauts Lovell, Haise and Swigert were scheduled to fly Apollo 14, but are moved up to 13. It' s 1970, and America have already achieved their lunar landing goal, so there' s little interest in this "routine" flight... until that is, things go very wrong, and prospects of a safe return fade. Duration: 140 min Quality: HD Release: 1995 IMDb: 7. 6.
Houston we have a problem we have a MN BUS B UNDERVOL We have a MN BUS B A UNDERVOLT now to.

Apollo 13 power up. Apollo 13 en ligne depuis. The sixties were a great time to be alive. I was 9 years old when they landed on the moon remember staying up late to watch it and all the other moon landings. Kids these days won't have that exciting times again when anything was possible. Unless they go back to the moon or Mars. Apollo 13 1995. Apollo 13 transcripts. Start watching Apollo 13 Add STARZ to any Hulu plan for an additional 8. 99/month. Get unlimited access to the largest streaming library with no ads Watch on your favorite devices Switch plans or cancel anytime Download from thousands of titles to watch offline Available add-ons HBO SHOWTIME CINEMAX STARZ Get unlimited access to the largest streaming library with limited ads Watch on your favorite devices Switch plans or cancel anytime Available add-ons No Ads HBO SHOWTIME CINEMAX STARZ Get unlimited access to the largest streaming library with limited ads Stream 65+ top Live and On-Demand TV channels Record live TV with 50 hours of Cloud DVR storage Watch Live TV online and on supported devices Switch plans or cancel anytime Available add-ons Enhanced Cloud DVR Unlimited Screens HBO SHOWTIME CINEMAX STARZ Entertainment Add-on Español Add-on.

After watching the incredibly slow and boring First Man (2018) I was reminded what a fantastic movie Apollo 13 is. It's better to watch this movie again for the third or fourth time rather than watch First Man even once. Apollo 13 cast. While waiting for the next episode of  The Spanish Princess,  check out all the new movies. The most critically-acclaimed titles hitting the platform this month. Can you believe? Catch season 3 of 'Queer Eye' and so much more! We're here to help you sort through all the titles hitting your favorite platforms this month. With all these movies and shows, it's like Christmas in June! Hulu will also get the Season 2 premiere of Freeform's  The Bold Type way early, so save the date! My guess was City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold, but, sadly, I was wrong. Dead wrong. Showtime's original political series, The Circus, returns, for its third season, along with a few great movies from the early 2000s. Get 'em before they're gone! The Shawshank Redemption. The Pursuit of Happyness. and 'Kung Fu Panda 3' are all leaving this April.

Failure is always an option. 2:41 interesting to see our friends across the pond were just as concerned as we were. Thank You UK for your support. Apollo 13 crew members. Apollo 130. One more thought, Tom Hanks should have won the Oscar three years in a row. 93,94 and this.

I still cant buy my sr 71 black bird. สุดยอดเลยครับเมกา. Apollo 13 pictures. Apollo 13 wiki. Apollo 13 ans. Apollo 13 behind the scenes. This is. extraordinary. Being fascinated by Apollo program in general and Apollo 13 mission in particular I love this audio. Huge thanks for posting this. And yes, in my book astronauts and mission control engineers were and are heroes. HD 1080p VF Origine: américain Réalisation: Ron Howard Acteur(s) Tom Hanks, Bill Paxton, Gary Sinise, Ed Harris Genre(s) Drame, Aventure Durée: 2h 20min Année: 1995 Date de sortie: 8 novembre 1995 Synopsis Houston, nous avons un probleme, cest la phrase qui, le 13 avril 1970 a 21h7, fit sursauter les hommes qui surveillaient un vol de routine du vaisseau Apollo 13 depuis la salle de contrôle de la NASA. Un des réservoirs doxygène venait dexploser à la 55e heure du vol et à 205 000 miles de la Terre.

As a space exploration history nerd I must say: Thank you and congratulations for such an awesome work. The true story of technical troubles that scuttle the Apollo 13 lunar mission in 1971, risking the lives of astronaut Jim Lovell and his crew, with the failed journey turning into a thrilling saga of heroism. Drifting more than 200, 000 miles from Earth, the astronauts work furiously with the ground crew to avert tragedy. No links available No downloads available 5. 1 Dusk 2015 N/A Cupids Guillotine My Super Ex-Girlfriend 2006 4. 4 Mercury Plains 2016 7. 4 Kiss of the Spider Woman 1985 6. 8 The 10th Victim 1965 6. 5 Q & A 1990 7. 1 Hard Candy 2005 7. 7 The Swimmer 1968 Quest for Fire 1981 Watch Movies Online 2018 All rights reserved FREE MOVIES WATCH MOVIES ONLINE FREE FREE MOVIES ONLINE WATCH FULL MOVIES ONLINE FREE ONLINE MOVIES FULL WATCH MOVIES 123Movies.

[WATCH] Apollo 13 Streaming - video dailymotion. Apollo 15. Apollo 13 movie in hindi.

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Apollo 13 seedfinder. Apollo 135. Apollo 13 strain. Apollo 13 deaths. In a weird way them getting back alive is every bit as impressive as successfully landing on the moon. 1:15 when a buddy of yours is texting a girl and needs help. Bill the extreme paxton. 12 downvotes from people who didn't believe Jim Lovell it seems. Apollo 13 mai. Apollo 136. Apollo 13 theme. Why do I see Forrest Gump? Lmao 😂. Apollo 13 csfd.

 

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Chinonye Chukwu

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Movie info: Years of carrying out death row executions have taken a toll on prison warden Bernadine Williams. As she prepares to execute another inmate, Bernadine must confront the psychological and emotional demons her job creates, ultimately connecting her to the man she is sanctioned to kill

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Kuvassa viemme avustuskuormaa erääseen vanhainkotiin Yaoundessa kamerunin pääkaupungissa 3. 6. 2006. Paastonaika avautuu eteemme. Meillä länsimaisessa perinteessä paasto alkaa tuhkakeskiviikkona, jota vietämme 6. 3. 2019. Itäisessä perinteessä paastonaika alkaa jo laskiaissunnuntain illalla. Ortodokseilla illan liturgia alkaa värikkäin vaattein ja iloisin sävelmin. Illan kuluessa pukeutuminen yksinkertaistuu ja sävelmä käy hiljaisemmaksi. Tilaisuuden lopussa tunnelma on rauhalliseen paastonaikaan kuuluvaa. Meillä puolestaan pidetään karnevaalitunnelmaa niin laskiaissunnuntaina kuin -tiistaina. Kun vanhastaan paastonaikana ei olla syöty lihaa, niin muutoin lihan syömisen päivä eli hernekeittopäivän torstain jäädessä paaston puolelle se siirrettiin tiistaille ja hernekeiton lisäksi juhlittiin mäkeä laskettelemalla tai muulla tavoin viimeistä riehakasta päivää ennen paaston hiljaisempaa kautta. Sunnuntai 03. 03. 2019 Laskiaissunnuntai eli Esto mihi Jumalan rakkauden uhritie 1. lukukappale: Jes. 58:1-9 Edessä oleva pitkänperjantain ja pääsiäisen kausi kertoo meille, miten Vapahtajamme kävi kärsimykseen ja kuolemaan meidän edestämme. Jumalan rakkaus tuli esille siinä, että hän teki tämän meidän puolestamme. Näin hän valmisti meille sovinnon Jumalan kanssa, kun hän kantoi kaikki meidän syntimme ristin puulle. Ylösnousemuksellaan hän sitten vahvisti työnsä ja koko maailman vanhurskaus on meille valmiina, kaikki on täytetty ja ihminen saa vapaana Jumalan lapsena elää turvallista ja täysipainoista elämää katse tulevaisuutta ja toivoa täynnä, taivaan suurta päämäärää kohti. Rakkaus on Jumalan lahja Jeesus antoi kaikkensa meidän edestämme. Tämä on niin suuri lahja, että tämän rakkauden heijastumana voimme mekin tehdä kaiken minkä jaksamme ja pystymme toinen toisellemme. Rakkauden ja laupeuden osoittaminen lähimmäistämme kohtaan heijastaa Ikuisen Jumalan hyvyyttä, niin kuin kuu heijastaa auringon valoa ja valaisee meidän pimeää maailmaamme silloin kun yöllä muu ympäristö on pimeyden vallassa. Toisenlaista paastoa minä odotan: että vapautat syyttömät kahleista, irrotat ikeen hihnat ja vapautat sorretut, että murskaat kaikki ikeet, murrat leipää nälkäiselle, avaat kotisi kodittomalle, vaatetat alastoman, kun hänet näet, etkä karttele apua tarvitsevaa veljeäsi. Silloin sinun valosi puhkeaa näkyviin kuin aamunkoi ja hetkessä sinun haavasi kasvavat umpeen. Uskon vanhurskaus vapauttaa ihmisen ja sen hedelmänä on laupeus Jeesus on kaiken täyttänyt Golgatan ristillä. Siellä Jumalan pelastustyö on valmistettu. Uskolla se otetaan vastaan täysin lahjana. Uskosta me olemme vanhurskautettuja. Jumalan vapauttamina meitä sitten kutsutaan rakkauden tekoihin lähimmäistämme kohtaan. Jumala on jakanut hyvyyttään ilman meidän ansioitamme, oman hyvyytensä tähden. Mekin Jumalan vapauttamat saamme viedä laupeuden sanomaa eteenpäin. Koko maailmaa kutsutaan sovintoon ja Jumalan rauhaan: Jumalan armahtamina armahtamaan toinen toistamme ja Jumalan auttamina auttamaan toisiamme sen mukaan kuin voimia Herralta saamme. Rukoilkaamme toinen toisemme puolesta ja tällä tavoin kantakaamme lähimmäisiämme Jumalamme eteen. Vanhurskaus itse kulkee sinun edelläsi ja Herran kirkkaus seuraa suojanasi. Ja Herra vastaa, kun kutsut häntä, kun huudat apua, hän sanoo: ”Tässä minä olen. ”.
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1. Oi Jeesuksen laupeus, mi mua varjoaa, Oi armoa suurta, mink aina Hän tarjoaa. Hän kärsi mun vuokseni ristiä kantaen Hän vertansa vuodatti henkensä antaen. Oi armon suuruutta, ett on Hän henkensä mun vuoksein antanut! Oi armon suuruutta, armon suuruutta! 2. Oi ihme, Hän synnistä tahtoo mun puhdistaa, Näin ylpeän, penseän sieluni vapahtaa. Suo kurjalle mulle Hän armonsa huomion Näin poistaen päältäni katkeran tuomion. 3. Oi naulitut kädet, mi velkamme maksoivat! Mik uhri ja sääli näin kärsiä jaksoivat! Käyn armonsa istuimen juurelle kiittäen Ja polvistun käteni yhtehen liittäen. Sanat ja sävel: Charles H. Gabriel, 1856–1932.

Download Free clémence. Download free clemency search. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – lupus – is a long-term condition causing inflammation to the joints, skin and other organs. There's no cure, but symptoms can improve if treatment starts early. Non-urgent advice: See a GP if you often get: joint pain and stiffness extreme tiredness that will not go away no matter how much you rest skin rashes – often over the nose and cheeks These are the main symptoms of lupus. As well as the 3 main symptoms, you might also have: weight loss swollen glands sensitivity to light (causing rashes on uncovered skin) poor circulation in fingers and toes (Raynaud's) Important Lupus is better managed if diagnosed and treated early. How lupus is diagnosed As lupus symptoms can be similar to lots of other conditions, it can take some time to diagnose. The GP will usually do some blood tests. High levels of a type of antibody, combined with typical symptoms, means lupus is likely. You might be referred for X-rays and scans of your heart, kidney and other organs if your doctor thinks they might be affected. Once lupus is diagnosed, you'll be advised to have regular checks and tests, such as regular blood tests to check for anaemia and urine tests to check for kidney problems, which lupus can cause. Lupus can range from mild to severe Severity How it affects the body Mild Joint and skin problems, tiredness Moderate Inflammation of other parts of the skin and body, including your lungs, heart and kidneys Severe Inflammation causing severe damage to the heart, lungs, brain or kidneys can be life threatening Symptoms can flare up and settle down Often the disease flares up (relapses) and symptoms become worse for a few weeks, sometimes longer. Symptoms then settle down (remission. The reason why symptoms flare up or settle down is not yet known. Some people do not notice any difference and symptoms are constant. Treatment for lupus Lupus is generally treated using: anti-inflammatory medicines like ibuprofen hydroxychloroquine for fatigue and skin and joint problems steroid tablets, injections and creams for kidney inflammation and rashes Two newer medicines (rituximab and belimumab) are sometimes used to treat severe lupus. These work on the immune system to reduce the number of antibodies in the blood. Arthritis Research UK has more information on the treatments for lupus. Living with lupus: things you can do yourself Although medicines are important in controlling lupus, you can help manage your symptoms and reduce the risk of it getting worse. Do eat a healthy, balanced diet try to stay active when you're having a flare-up – try walking or swimming get lots of rest try relaxation techniques to manage stress – stress can make symptoms worse use high-factor (50+ sunscreen – you can get it on prescription if you have lupus wear a hat in the sun tell your employer about your condition – you might be able to adjust your working pattern ask for help from family, friends and health professionals Don't do not smoke – stopping smoking is the most important thing to do if you have lupus do not sit in direct sunlight or spend a lot of time in rooms with fluorescent lights LUPUS UK has support, advice and information for people with the disease. Causes of lupus Lupus is an autoimmune disease. This means the body's natural defence system (immune system) attacks healthy tissues. It's not contagious. It's not fully understood what causes lupus. A viral infection, strong medication, sunlight, puberty, childbirth and the menopause can all trigger the condition. More women than men get lupus, and it's more common in black and Asian women. Pregnancy and lupus Lupus can cause complications in pregnancy. See your doctor before trying to get pregnant to discuss the risks and so your medication can be changed if necessary. Media last reviewed: 3 July 2018 Media review due: 3 July 2021 Page last reviewed: 30 August 2017 Next review due: 30 August 2020.

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Download Free clemencee. What is the treatment for lupus? Is there a cure for lupus? There is no permanent cure for SLE. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and protect organs by decreasing inflammation and/or the level of autoimmune activity in the body. The precise treatment is decided on an individual basis. Many people with mild symptoms may need no treatment or only intermittent courses of anti-inflammatory medications. Those with more serious illness involving damage to internal organ(s) may require high doses of corticosteroids in combination with other medications that suppress the body's immune system. People with SLE need more rest during periods of active disease. Researchers have reported that poor sleep quality was a significant factor in developing fatigue in people with SLE. These reports emphasize the importance for people and physicians to address sleep quality and the effect of underlying depression, lack of exercise, and self-care coping strategies on overall health. During these periods, carefully prescribed exercise is still important to maintain muscle tone and range of motion in the joints. To protect from sun sensitivity, sunscreens, sun avoidance, and sun protection clothing are used. Certain types of lupus rash can respond to topical cortisone medications. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) are helpful in reducing inflammation and pain in muscles, joints, and other tissues. Examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen ( Motrin) naproxen ( Naprosyn) and sulindac ( Clinoril. Since the individual response to NSAIDs varies, it is common for a doctor to try different NSAIDs to find the most effective one with the fewest side effects. The most common side effects are stomach upset, abdominal pain, ulcers, and even ulcer bleeding. NSAIDs are usually taken with food to reduce side effects. Sometimes, medications that prevent ulcers while taking NSAIDs, such as misoprostol ( Cytotec) are given simultaneously. Corticosteroids are more potent than NSAIDs in reducing inflammation and restoring function when the disease is active. Corticosteroids are particularly helpful when internal organs are affected. Corticosteroids can be given by mouth, injected directly into the joints and other tissues, or administered intravenously. Unfortunately, corticosteroids have serious side effects when given in high doses over prolonged periods, and the doctor will try to monitor the activity of the disease in order to use the lowest doses that are safe. Side effects of corticosteroids include weight gain, thinning of the bones and skin, infection, diabetes, facial puffiness, cataracts, and death (necrosis) of the tissues in large joints. Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) is an antimalarial medication found to be particularly effective for SLE patients with fatigue, skin involvement, and joint disease. Consistently taking Plaquenil can prevent flare-ups of lupus. Side effects are uncommon but include diarrhea, upset stomach, and eye-pigment changes. Eye-pigment changes are rare but require monitoring by an ophthalmologist (eye specialist) during treatment with Plaquenil. Researchers have found that Plaquenil significantly decreased the frequency of abnormal blood clots in people with systemic lupus. Moreover, the effect seemed independent of immune suppression, implying that Plaquenil can directly act to prevent the blood clots. This fascinating study highlights an important reason for people and doctors to consider Plaquenil for long-term use, especially for those SLE people who are at some risk for blood clots in veins and arteries, such as those with phospholipid antibodies (cardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, and false-positive venereal disease research laboratory test. This means not only that Plaquenil reduces the chance for re-flares of SLE, but it can also be beneficial in thinning the blood to prevent abnormal excessive blood clotting. Plaquenil is commonly used in combination with other treatments for lupus. For resistant skin disease, other antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine ( Aralen) or quinacrine, are considered and can be used in combination with hydroxychloroquine. Alternative medications for skin disease include dapsone and retinoic acid (Retin-A. Retin-A is often effective for an uncommon wart-like form of lupus skin disease. For more severe skin disease, immunosuppressive medications are considered as described below. Medications that suppress immunity (immunosuppressive medications) are also called cytotoxic drugs. They are sometimes referred to as chemotherapy because they are also used to treat cancer, generally in much higher doses than those used to treat lupus. Immunosuppressive medications are used for treating people with more severe manifestations of SLE, such as damage to internal organ(s. Examples of immunosuppressive medications include azathioprine (Imuran) cyclophosphamide ( Cytoxan) chlorambucil ( Leukeran) cyclosporine ( Sandimmune) and the disease-modifying drug methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall. All immunosuppressive medications can seriously depress blood-cell counts and increase risks of infection and bleeding. Immunosuppressive medications may not be taken during pregnancy or conceptionbecause of risk to the fetus. Other side effects are specific for each drug. For examples, methotrexate can cause liver toxicity, while cyclosporine can impair kidney function. In recent years, mycophenolate mofetil ( CellCept) has been used as an effective medication for lupus, particularly when it is associated with kidney disease. CellCept has been helpful in reversing active lupus kidney disease (lupus renal disease) and in maintaining remission after it is established. Its lower side-effect profile has advantage over traditional immune-suppression medications. In lupus patients with serious brain (lupus cerebritis) or kidney disease (lupus nephritis) plasmapheresis is sometimes used to remove antibodies and other immune substances from the blood to suppress immunity. Plasmapheresis is a process of removing blood and passing the blood through a filtering machine, then returning the blood to the body with its antibodies removed. Rarely, people with SLE can develop seriously low platelet levels, thereby increasing the risk of excessive and spontaneous bleeding. Since the spleen is believed to be the major site of platelet destruction, surgical removal of the spleen is sometimes performed to improve platelet levels. Other treatments have included plasmapheresis and the use of male hormones. Plasmapheresis has also been used to remove certain harmful proteins (cryoglobulins) that can lead to vasculitis. End-stage kidney damage from SLE requires dialysis and/or a kidney transplant. Research is indicating benefits of rituximab ( Rituxan) in treating lupus. Rituximab is an intravenously infused antibody that suppresses a particular white blood cell, the B cell, by decreasing their number in the circulation. B cells have been found to play a central role in lupus activity, and when they are suppressed, the disease tends toward remission. This may particularly helpful for people with kidney disease. Another new B-cell-suppressing treatment is belimumab ( Benlysta. Belimumab blocks the stimulation of the B cells (a B-lymphocyte stimulator or BLyS-specific inhibitor) and is approved for the treatment of adults with active autoantibody-positive systemic lupus erythematosus who are receiving standard therapy. It is important to note that the efficacy of belimumab has not been evaluated in patients with severe active lupus nephritis or severe active central nervous system lupus. Belimumab has not been studied in combination with other biologic therapies or intravenous cyclophosphamide.

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to navigation Jump to search Finnish [ edit] Noun [ edit] laupeus mercy, compassion Declension [ edit] Inflection of laupeus ( Kotus type 40/ kalleus, t-d gradation) nominative laupeudet genitive laupeuden laupeuksien partitive laupeutta laupeuksia illative laupeuteen laupeuksiin singular plural accusative nom. gen. inessive laupeudessa laupeuksissa elative laupeudesta laupeuksista adessive laupeudella laupeuksilla ablative laupeudelta laupeuksilta allative laupeudelle laupeuksille essive laupeutena laupeuksina translative laupeudeksi laupeuksiksi instructive — laupeuksin abessive laupeudetta laupeuksitta comitative laupeuksineen Possessive forms of laupeus (type kalleus) possessor 1st person laupeuteni laupeutemme 2nd person laupeutesi laupeutenne 3rd person laupeutensa Retrieved from. Categories: Finnish lemmas Finnish nouns Finnish kalleus-type nominals.

Download free clemency 2017. Download free clemency list. Download free elementary textbooks. Download free clemency day. Download free clemency version. Download Free clemenceau. Laupeus sana on merkitykseltään lähellä sanoja sääliväisyys, armo ja rakkaus. Ihminen voi olla laupias ja hän voi harjoittaa laupeuden tekoja. Laupias samarialainen on eräs tunnettuja Jeesuksen käyttämiä vertauksia. Sanaan sisältyy ajatus säälistä ja myötätunnosta hädässä olevaa kohtaan. Se ei ole ainoastaan passiivista myötätuntoa, vaan aktiivista toimintaa aiheuttavaa tunnetta, joka saa ihmisen auttamaan heikommassa asemassa olevaa omalla kustannuksellaan. Klassisessa kreikassa elos tarkoittaa tunnetta, joka valtaa ihmisen jonkin pahan tai onnettomuuden kohdattua lähimmäistä. Eräät filosofit, kuten esimerkiksi stoalaiset, pitivät laupeutta sielun sairautena, lähde? mutta Raamattu korostaa usein ja painokkaasti laupeuden tärkeyttä. Jumala on laupias. Ps 103:8-13 Daavid sanoi, että jumalan laupeus tekee hänestä suuren. Ps 18:36 San 19:22 sanoo, että ihaninta ihmisessä on hänen laupeutensa.

Download free clemency letter. Download free clemency app. Download free elementor themes. Download free clemency act. Also Known As Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus Lupus Erythematosus LE Discoid Lupus Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Drug-induced Lupus Neonatal Lupus This article was last modified on January 10, 2020. Lupus is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder. It is a condition in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from infections, produces an inappropriate immune response against its own tissues. Lupus may affect the skin, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs, especially the kidneys, heart, lungs, and brain. There are several types of lupus; the most common is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which affects many areas of the body. Anyone can get lupus at any time, but it most commonly affects women of childbearing age. It is diagnosed in 10 times more women than men and is more common in persons of African, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American descent. SLE is most frequently seen in people between the ages of 15 and 44, although children, including newborns, and older adults can also have lupus. The cause of lupus is not fully understood. It is thought to involve both an inherited component and a trigger that may be related to environmental factors, such as exposure to sunlight, and/or the use of certain medications and viral infections. Lupus may co-exist with other autoimmune disorders, such as Sjögren syndrome, some cases of hemolytic anemia, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP; see Bleeding Disorders - Platelet disorders. There are many types of lupus. Some of these are listed below. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the incidence is difficult to establish due to vague signs and symptoms and onset. According to the National Resource Center on Lupus, more than 16, 000 new cases of SLE are reported in the U. S. each year, and at least 1. 5 million Americans are currently living with lupus. Ninety percent of newly diagnosed patients are women of child-bearing age. It affects many parts of the body ( systemic. Discoid lupus- this type is characterized by a chronic skin rash, such as on the face or scalp; about 15% to 20% of people with this condition will progress to SLE. Subacute cutaneous lupus- associated with skin lesions on parts of the body that are exposed to sunlight. Drug-induced lupus- a form of lupus that can be caused by certain medications, such as some anti-seizure, high blood pressure, and anti-thyroid medications. The most common medications known to cause drug-induced lupus are the antibiotic isoniazid (used to treat and prevent tuberculosis) hydralazine (used to treat hypertension or high blood pressure) and procainamide (used to treat abnormal heart rhythms. Symptoms tend to occur after taking the medication for several months and usually resolve once the medication is stopped. Neonatal lupus- a rare form of lupus that affects newborns and that is characterized by a skin rash, liver problems, and low blood counts at birth. These usually resolve over several months. Newborns who have neonatal lupus may be born to women who have SLE, Sjögren syndrome, or no particular disease, but it is thought that it may be triggered in part by certain autoantibodies in the mother's blood ( anti-SSA and anti-SSB) which cross the placenta into the fetus's/infant's bloodstream and can persist for several months. Women known to have these autoantibodies may be monitored more closely during their pregnancy. Signs and symptoms of lupus vary from person to person and by the type of lupus. People with lupus may develop a rash, such as: A rash resembling a butterfly that appears across the nose and cheeks (malar rash) A red rash consisting of round or oval-shaped patches (discoid rash) A rash on areas of the skin that are exposed to sunlight (typically the face and extremities) A rash is typically the only symptom in discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus. People with other types of lupus may have a combination of the following additional signs and symptoms: Muscle pain Arthritis-like pain in one or more  joints (but no or little joint damage) Fever Persistent fatigue Swollen lymph nodes Sensitivity to sunlight Raynaud phenomenon (fingers change color after exposure to cold temperatures or with stress) Hair loss Chest pain Anemia Mouth ulcers Inflammation and damage to organs and tissues, including the kidneys, lungs, heart, lining of the heart, central nervous system, and blood vessels Symptoms of lupus may come and go over time and vary from person to person. They may worsen abruptly and then die down. Flare-ups may be triggered by changes in someone's health status, such as physical or emotional stressors, and/or by outside stimulants such as exposure to sunlight. Women may experience flare-ups during pregnancy or shortly after giving birth. People with lupus are at increased risk of infections, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, yeast infections, salmonella, herpes and shingles, due to their weakened immune system from both the condition and its treatments. They are also at increased risk of cancer, bone tissue death, and pregnancy complications, including miscarriage and pre-eclampsia. In 1982, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) developed classification criteria to aid healthcare practitioners in making a diagnosis, in particular, of SLE. The criteria were last updated in 1997. If someone has four or more of the 11 criteria listed, that person may be diagnosed with lupus. A rash resembling a butterfly that appears across the nose and cheeks (malar, relating to the cheek) Photosensitivity – rash develops on areas of skin that have been exposed to sunlight Mouth sores or nose ulcers – usually painless Arthritis in two or more joints, along with tenderness, swelling, or accumulation of fluid that lasts for a few weeks – arthritis associated with SLE is non-erosive, meaning the bones near affected joints are not damaged Inflammation of the lining around the heart (pericarditis) and/or lungs (pleuritis) Neurologic disorder – seizures and/or psychosis without other identifiable causes Blood (hematologic) disorder – anemia, low white blood cell count, or low platelet count Kidney problems – such as a high amount of protein in the urine or cellular casts in the urine Positive blood test for antinuclear antibodies (ANA, see tests below) – high levels are generally more specific to SLE; must be in the absence of medications known to be associated with drug-induced lupus Positive blood test for anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) anti-Sm (Smith) antibody, cardiolipin antibody or lupus anticoagulant (see below) or a false-positive test for syphilis (meaning the person tests positive but does not have the disease) In 2012, the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) group revised and validated the ACR's SLE classification criteria. According to the revision, a patient is classified as having SLE if s/he has biopsy-proven kidney involvement (lupus nephritis) with ANA or anti-dsDNA antibodies or if s/he satisfies 4 of the 11 diagnostic criteria, including the presence of at least one sign or symptom and a positive autoantibody test. The following laboratory tests for autoantibodies may be useful in the diagnosis of lupus: Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) – positive in almost all people with SLE, although can also be positive in those with other autoimmune diseases as it indicates a stimulated immune system Anti-Sm antibody (anti-Smith antibody) – usually seen only in those with SLE Anti-double stranded DNA (Anti-dsDNA) – high levels are characteristic of active SLE Anti-SSA and Anti-SSB – may also be positive Anti-RNP – may be positive Anti-chromatin antibodies – may be present in people with SLE who are positive for ANA but negative for anti-dsDNA Histone antibodies – for drug-induced lupus Antiphospholipid antibodies – such as lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, anti-β2 glycoprotein I Other general tests that may be useful for evaluating someone with or suspected of having lupus: Urinalysis – may show blood, urinary casts, or protein in the urine, which can indicate kidney involvement Complete blood count (CBC) – may reveal anemia and decreased numbers of white blood cells and platelets, which can occur with lupus Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) – indicates current status of the kidneys and liver as well as electrolyte and acid/base balance and levels of blood glucose and blood proteins Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) – gamma globulin protein levels are indicative of inflammatory diseases such as SLE Complement 3 (C-3) C4 and CH50 – often decreased; the complement system is part of the immune system. Amounts may be associated with lupus but also gram-negative  septicemia, shock, and  malaria. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – increased with inflammation, such as with lupus as well as other inflammatory conditions C-reactive protein (CRP) – another marker of inflammation that may be elevated with lupus Cryoglobulin – frequently positive; cryoglobulins are abnormal proteins in the blood that will precipitate when the body temperature drops below normal, causing blockage of the blood vessels. Non-laboratory tests X-rays or other imaging tests may be ordered to examine organs potentially affected by lupus. In addition, a kidney biopsy may be performed. This involves taking a piece of kidney tissue for examination to detect any changes in the tissue that could indicate lupus and help guide treatment. There is currently no cure for lupus, although many of those affected may experience remissions of symptoms between flare-ups. The goals of treatment are to alleviate symptoms, to minimize the occurrence of flare-ups, and to minimize and address the development of complications associated with lupus. Periodic physical exams and laboratory testing are important for monitoring a person's response to treatment as well as to detect new organ system involvement. To help decrease the number of flare-ups, people with lupus should get sufficient rest, exercise, and should minimize stress and avoid exposure to sunlight. If someone notices that a particular substance makes her symptoms worse, then she should avoid exposure to it. Medications can be given to relieve pain, minimize inflammation, and address complications. The most common drugs offered are nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen, antimalarial drugs, which have been found to be useful in treating lupus, and corticosteroids. In more aggressive cases, other  immunosuppressive drugs may be used. Dietary supplements, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) vitamin D, and fish oil have shown some benefit as complementary treatments for people with lupus. People should work closely with their healthcare practitioner and with specialists as needed, such as a rheumatologist (a specialist in autoimmune disorders) to develop a treatment plan that is effective for them. This plan is likely to change over time due to changes in a person's symptoms, general state of health, and as new treatments become available. Women wanting to become pregnant should talk to their practitioner about their health and the medications they are taking. Some treatments are safer than others for the fetus during pregnancy. Research is ongoing to better understand the disease process of lupus as well as the role of genetics and to identify potentially useful biomarkers for detecting lupus as well as new, effective treatments. To learn more about treatments, see the links in the Related Content section. Sources Used in Current Review American College of Rheumatology. (June 2015 updated. Lupus. Available online at. Accessed March 22, 2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (30 January 2017 updated. Lupus Detailed Fact Sheet. Accessed March 22, 2017. National Resource Center on Lupus. (20 June 2013 updated. What Is Lupus? Available online at. Accessed March 27, 2017. Mayo Clinic. (18 November 2014 updated. Accessed March 22, 2017. Lupus Foundation of America. (8 July 2013 updated. Lab Tests for Lupus. Accessed March 22, 2017. Bartels CM, Muller D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE. 19 September 2016 updated. Accessed March 27, 2017. Bartles CM, Diamond, Muller D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Workup. (19 September 2016 updated. Available online at. Accessed March 27, 2017. Sources Used in Previous Reviews (2003 August. Handout on Health: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease [On-line information. Available online at. Ginzler, E. and Tayar, J. (2004 May. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. American College of Rheumatology [On-line information. Available online at. (2007 January 12) Lupus. [On-line information. Available online at. Nan Gustafson. Director of Education and Patient Services, Lupus Foundation of Minnesota. (2009 April. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases [On-line information. Accessed September 2010. Borigini, M. J. (Updated 2010 February 7. Systemic lupus erythematosus. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information. Accessed September 2010. ( 2010. Laboratory Tests for Lupus. Lupus Foundation of America, Inc. Accessed September 2010. Mayo Clinic Staff (2009 October 20. Lupus. Accessed September 2010. Hill, H. and Tebo, A (Updated 2009 November. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus – SLE. ARUP Consult [On-line information. Accessed September 2010. Bartels, C. and Muller, D (Updated 2010 September 21. eMedicine [On-line information. Accessed September 2010. Klippel JH, Weyand CM, Wortmann RL, eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. Chapter 19. Arthritis Foundation, 1997. Cervera R et al. Anti-chromatin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a useful marker for lupus nephropathy. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:431-434 doi:10. 1136/ard. 62. 5. 431. Derivation and Validation of Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. ACR/ARHP 2011 Scientific Meeting. Accessed March 2014. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Fast Facts About Lupus. Accessed March 2014. Lupus. Accessed March 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus. Accessed March 2014. MedlinePlus. Accessed March 2014. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus. Accessed March 2014. MedlinePlus Drug Information. Isoniazid. Hydralazine. Procainamide Oral. Accessed March 2014. Lupus Foundation of America. Which medications cause drug-induced lupus? Available online at. Accessed March 2014. Hahn B. Chapter 319. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.

Download free clemency games. Download free clemency images. Download free clemency application. Download Free clémence poésy. Download Free clemency. Download free elements game. How homeopathy can be an effective treatment Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus) is multisystem autoimmune disease. This means that the symptoms are caused by the immune system attacking the body, and almost every organ can be affected. Lupus (Latin for wolf) takes its name from the fact that it can cause rashes across the cheeks and nose, said to resemble the face of a wolf. Although this can be a very difficult condition to treat because so many different parts of the body are involved, a holistic approach such as homeopathy may prove to be very effective. Autoimmune disease An autoimmune disease occurs when the body mounts an immune response against its own parts. Other examples of autoimmune diseases include Crohns, diabetes, coelic disease, thyroditis, multi­ple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The cause of these diseases is far from clear. Certain individuals may be pre­disposed to developing them and, with the exception of ankylosing spondylitis, women are more susceptible. Environ­mental factors almost certainly play a role, and it is notable that in areas of the world where infectious diseases are endemic, the incidence of autoimmune disease is significantly lower. Common symptoms of lupus Lupus usually starts with joint pains, especially in the small joints of the hands and feet, which may flit from one set of joints to another. Skin rashes are also common and these are often made worse when exposed to strong sunlight. Patients will usually have fever, malaise, weight loss and often feel completely exhausted and fatigue easily. Lymph glands in the neck and other parts of the body are often tender and swollen, and muscles may ache and become tender to the touch. All of these symptoms may be caused by a number of different con­ditions, and lupus is often difficult to diagnose on the symptoms alone. Who gets lupus? Lupus affects mainly young women and is in fact nine times more commonly found in women. It is rare to make the diagnosis after the age of 60 although it can affect both sexes at any age. In Europe and America, it is much more common in women of Afro-Caribbean origin than in white women, although the condition is rarely found in Africa. What causes lupus to develop? The honest answer is that no one knows what causes an individual to develop lupus, and it is probable that this is a multifactorial disease. There is a genetic predisposition, for example if an indi­vidual is diagnosed with the condition there is a one in twenty chance that a sibling will develop lupus. This risk is increased to nearly one in three if identical twins are involved. Certain gene patterns have been identified which may make an individual more suscepti­ble. A number of drugs including certain antihypertensives, antifungal agents and antibiotics may act as a trigger for devel­oping lupus or a related condition. It is also possible that viruses may cause lupus to develop. Which parts of the body can be affected? Virtually any part of the body can be in­volved. Commonly affected organs are: > Blood and lymphatic system The bone marrow may be affected giving anaemia and a low platelet count which will cause tiredness and easy bruising. A specific antibody called antiphos­pholipid antibody may be present in the blood stream which can predispose to blood clots and has been associated with an increased rate of miscarriage in pregnancy. > Joints Pain and swelling in the joints is com­mon. Although this can be distressing, it is unusual for joint damage or long-term deformity to occur. > Skin Apart from the facial rash described earlier, the skin may become hyper­sensitive to sunlight (photosensitivity) and rashes often occur in areas which are more commonly exposed to the sun, such as the forearms and hands. Hair loss (alopecia) may occur although this is often mild and patchy and the hair usually re-grows. > Heart and lungs Rarely these organs are affected. More commonly the linings of the heart or lungs, the pericardium or the pleura may become inflamed giving pericarditis or pleurisy. Symptoms may include breath­lessness or sharp pains on taking a deep breath. > Brain and nervous system Migraine may affect up to one in three people with lupus. Fatigue and depres­sion are also frequently a problem. > Kidneys One in three patients with lupus may have some form of kidney disease. This is usually mild inflammation which rarely causes serious problems or significant damage to the kidneys, but does need to be monitored. > Other organs The digestive system and the eyes are less commonly affected. Diagnosis Although a lot is now known about this condition there is still no single diag­nostic test. Specific antibodies in the blood are usually present and the detection of these antibodies in combi­nation with the symptoms described earlier go towards confirming the diag­nosis of lupus. Conventional treatment There is no known “cure” for this con­dition and conventional treatment is directed towards controlling the disease and its symptoms. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Ibuprofen and Diclofenac are used to control joint pains. These drugs can have side-effects including irritating the stomach lining. Some of the newer NSAIDs, known as Cox-2 drugs, are less likely to irritate the stomach but may slightly increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Corticosteroids may be given to con­trol pericarditis and inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis. These are very effec­tive but in longer-term use may increase the risk of developing osteoporosis and diabetes. Steroids are therefore given in the lowest effective dose and ideally for short periods. Other drugs may be given to suppress the immune system during a flare up of lupus. Contraception There is evidence that oestrogen may cause lupus to flare up, and the pro­gesterone only pill is considered to be a better option than the “combined pill” which contains both oestrogen and pro­gesterone. Similarly the oestrogen found in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may have the same adverse effects. Pregnancy The presence of antiphospholipid anti­bodies in the blood does give an increased risk of miscarriage and obstetricians will often recommend taking 75mg aspirin daily during the pregnancy. Expert advice should always be sought regard­ing this. A holistic approach In conditions of this kind, where almost every organ and system may be affected, a holistic approach will always give the best results. The homeopathic approach involves taking account of all symptoms, physical, emotional and mental, and thus is well suited to treating a multi­system disease such as lupus. Self help Simple measures can often dramatically improve symptoms of lupus flare-ups and these may include: > Rest and relaxation Lupus can be exacerbated by stress and it is very important to lead a balanced life with a protected time built into each day for rest and relaxation. > Sun protection Many of the rashes and skin conditions which occur frequently with lupus are exacerbated by sunlight, and it is essen­tial to limit sun exposure. A good qual­ity sunscreen with at least factor 25 protection should be worn. > Avoidance of unnecessary exposure to infection Lupus can have an adverse affect on the immune system, and the immune sup­pressing drugs that are often used dur­ing symptom flare-ups can make the body even more susceptible to infection. Clearly we are continually exposed to viruses on the bus, train, in the work­place etc on a daily basis, and short of spending 24 hours a day in a bubble it is impossible to live in an infection-free environment. It is important however to take sensible precautions and avoid those family and friends with obvious known infectious diseases, especially chickenpox. > Diet A diet low in saturated animal fat may be helpful in reducing joint pains and inflammation and will certainly improve overall health and wellbeing. There is some evidence to suggest that fish oil supplements may be useful. Health and homeopathy George Vithoulkas, the eminent Greek homeopath, describes levels of health. A person whose health is in the upper­most level will experience no symptoms and enjoy perfect health and happiness. As we descend the levels, minor often self-limiting symptoms will develop. These are caused by exposure to environmental in­fluences like viruses or stress. The immune system is able to deal with this and the symptoms resolve spontaneously. At this stage there is merely dysfunction of the organs and the body heals itself. Moving further down the levels, symptoms devel­op which dont disappear and chronic disease takes hold. Good homeopathic prescribing on a constitutional level can prevent this deterioration in health. Constitutional treatment Individuals can be classified according to the characteristic reaction patterns of body. For example, somebody who has a phosphoric constitution will experience pain as a burning sensation. These individuals are very anxious and indeed may become overwhelmed and “burnt out” by their anxieties. Thus a Phosphorus patient who develops lupus will have a tremendous anxiety about her health, will be very fearful, especially when alone and is particularly frightened of thunderstorms. The pains in her joints and muscles will be described as “burning”. Pain in other parts of the body (eg migrainous head­aches) will also have a burning quality. A patient with a Nux vomica cons­titution will experience the same disease in a very different way. She is usually a very driven ambitious person who may lie awake at night worrying about her business affairs, and will become very angry and frustrated with her illness. Typically, relapses in the condition will follow periods of overworking and stress. Joint pains will be worse at night in bed, worse for cold and better for warmth. A Pulsatilla patient will again present a different picture. She will be a soft gentle person who weeps easily and may be particularly tearful during flare-ups. She will require lots of comforting and consolation. One of the main charac­teristics of Pulsatilla is “changeability” and the aches and pains of lupus may be experienced as throbbing one day and stabbing the next. The constitutional approach is usually the most effective when treating a multi­system disease such as lupus. Local remedies Flare-ups of lupus may affect different parts and organs at different times, and homeopathic remedies may be very useful in alleviating symptoms. > Joint pains: A large number of homeopathic remedies can help joint pains: Aconite: sudden severe joint pains which may occur following exposure to a cold dry wind. Hot tender joints. Apis: hot swollen red inflamed joints. Relieved by cold applications. Bryonia: sharp stitching joint and muscle pain worse with even the slightest move­ment. Dulcamara: joint pains occurring in cold damp weather, better with heat and motion. Rhus tox: painful stiff joints, worse with initial movement (eg on rising from bed) better with continued motion. Rhododendron: joint pain worse in wet weather, especially before a storm. Ruta: stiff painful joints and tendons especially following overuse. Worse from cold and damp. Homeopathic medicines can be used to treat the cutaneous manifestations of lupus. Apis: red burning rashes, often associ­ated with fluid retention and swelling (oedema. Better from cold applications. Fluoric acid: hair loss especially alope­cia areata. Sepia: yellow/brown “saddle” across the bridge of the nose. Sulphur: red itchy rashes. Worse with heat, especially the heat of the bed at night. Worse at night. Worse for bathing. > Lungs Pleurisy may develop during flare-up of lupus. The following remedies may be useful in helping to control the pain. Aconite: sudden onset of sharp pains, especially after fright or shock. Worse after exposure to cold dry wind. Bryonia: stitching pains (such as found in pleurisy) worse from the slightest movement. > Migraine Many homeopathic remedies are help­ful in the treatment of these headaches. Belladonna: intense throbbing head pains beginning in the right occiput and extending forwards to the right eye. Worse at 3. 00pm. Worse with any jar­ring. Better lying still in a dark room. Natrum muriaticum: bursting pain, some­times described as a small hammer in one spot. Worse around 10. 00am. Aggravated by sunlight. Spigelia: stitching neuralgic pain on the left side in or above the left eye. Better with heat or hot bathing. The cause of autoimmune disease re­mains unclear but the incidence and prevalence of these illnesses is clearly rising. This rise is mirrored by the increasing occurence of atopic diseases such as asthma and eczema. Studies have shown that the use of antibiotics in the first twelve months of a childs life can lead to a threefold increase in the risk of developing asthma. Is it possible that the drive to minimise our exposure and risk from infectious diseases is actually leav­ing our immune systems with nothing to do other than attack our own organs.

Download free clemency game. Lupus. also known as systemic lupus erythematosus. is a disease of the immune system. Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection. In lupus, however, the immune system inappropriately attacks tissues in various parts of the body. This abnormal activity leads to tissue damage and illness. Who Gets Lupus? According to the Lupus Foundation of America, approximately 1. 5 million people in the U. S. have lupus. People of African, Asian, and Native American descent are more likely to develop lupus than are Caucasians. Although it can occur in both men and women, 90% of people diagnosed with the disease are women. Women of childbearing age (14 to 45 years old) are most often affected and as many as 1 in 250 people may develop lupus. What Are the Symptoms of Lupus? The symptoms of lupus differ from one person to another. Some people have just a few symptoms, while others have many. In addition, there are many different symptoms of lupus because the disease can affect any part of the body. Some of the more common symptoms include: Achy joints (arthralgia) Unexplained fever (more than 100 F) Swollen joints ( arthritis) Prolonged or extreme fatigue Skin rash Ankle swelling and fluid accumulation Pain in the chest when breathing deeply ( pleurisy) A butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose Hair loss Sensitivity to the sun and/or other light Seizures Mouth or nose sores Pale or purple fingers or toes from cold or stress ( Raynaud's phenomenon) What Problems Can People With Lupus Have? Many people with active lupus feel ill in general and complain of fever, weight loss, and fatigue. People with lupus also develop specific problems when the immune system attacks a particular organ or area in the body. The following areas of the body can be affected by lupus: Skin. Skin problems are a common feature of lupus. Some people with lupus have a red rash over their cheeks and the bridge of their nose. called a "butterfly" or malar rash. Hair loss and mouth sores are also common. One particular type of lupus that generally affects only the skin is called "discoid lupus. With this type of lupus, the skin problems consist of large red, circular rashes that may scar. Skin rashes are usually aggravated by sunlight. A common lupus rash called subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus is often worse after exposure to the sun. This type of rash can affect the arms, legs, and torso. An uncommon but serious form of lupus rash results in the development of large blisters and is called a "bullous" lupus rash. Joints. Arthritis is very common in people with lupus. There may be pain, with or without swelling. Stiffness and pain may be particularly evident in the morning. Arthritis may be a problem for only a few days or weeks, or may be a permanent feature of the disease. Fortunately, the arthritis usually is not crippling. Kidneys. Kidney involvement in people with lupus can be life threatening and may occur in up to half of those with lupus. Kidney problems are more common when someone also has other lupus symptoms, such as fatigue, arthritis, rash, fever, and weight loss. Less often, kidney disease may occur when there are no other symptoms of lupus. Blood. Blood involvement can occur with or without other symptoms. People with lupus may have dangerous reductions in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets (particles that help clot the blood. Continued Sometimes, changes in blood counts (low red cell count, or anemia) may cause fatigue, serious infections (low white cell count) or easy bruising or bleeding (low platelet count. Many patients do not have symptoms from low blood counts, however, so it is important for people with lupus to have periodic blood tests in order to detect any problems. Blood clots are more common in people with lupus. Clots often occur in the legs (called deep venous thrombosis or DVT) and lungs (called pulmonary embolus or PE) and occasionally in the brain ( stroke. Blood clots that develop in lupus patients may be associated with the production of antiphospholipid (APL) antibodies. These antibodies are abnormal proteins that may increase the tendency of the blood to clot. Blood can be tested for these antibodies. Brain and Spinal Cord. Brain involvement is, fortunately, a rare problem in people with lupus. When present, it may cause confusion, depression, seizures, and, rarely, strokes. Involvement of the spinal cord ( transverse myelitis) can cause numbness and weakness. Heart and Lungs. Heart and lung involvement often is caused by inflammation of the covering of the heart (pericardium) and lungs (pleura. When these structures become inflamed, patients may develop chest pain, irregular heartbeat, and accumulation of fluid around the lungs (pleuritis or pleurisy) and heart (pericarditis. The heart valves and the lung itself can also be affected by lupus, resulting in shortness of breath. What Causes Lupus? The cause of lupus is unknown. However, there appears to be something that triggers the immune system to attack various areas of the body. That's why suppressing the immune system is one of the main forms of treatment. Finding the cause is the object of major research efforts. Factors that may contribute to the development of lupus include viruses, environmental chemicals and a person's genetic makeup. Female hormones are believed to play a role in the development of lupus because women are affected by lupus much more often than men. This is especially true of women during their reproductive years, a time when hormone levels are highest. The observation that lupus may affect more than one member of the same family has raised the possibility that the tendency to develop lupus may be inherited. Having such a tendency, however, does not predict that a relative will develop lupus. Only about 10% of people with lupus have a close relative with the disease. Drug-induced lupus can occur after the use of some prescription medications (such as hydralazine and procainamide. These symptoms generally improve after the drug is discontinued. How Is Lupus Diagnosed? Lupus is diagnosed when a person has several features of the disease (including symptoms, findings on examination, and blood test abnormalities. The American College of Rheumatology has devised criteria to assist doctors in making the correct diagnosis of lupus. A person should have at least four of the following 11 criteria, either at the same time or one after the other, to be classified as having lupus. These criteria include: Malar rash, a "butterfly" rash that appears on the cheeks. Discoid rash, red, scaly patches on the skin that cause scarring. Photosensitivity, a skin reaction or sensitivity to sunlight. Oral ulcers (open mouth sores. Arthritis, pain, inflammation, or swelling of the joints. Kidney disorder, either excess protein in the urine ( proteinuria) or red blood cells in the urine. Neurological disorder, seizures, or psychosis. Inflammation of the lining around the lungs (pleuritis) or of the lining around the heart (pericarditis) Blood disorder, either low red blood cell count ( anemia) low white blood cell count (leukopenia) decrease in lymphocytes (lymphopenia) or decrease in blood platelets ( thrombocytopenia. Immunologic disorder, including the presence of certain cells or autoantibodies, or a false-positive test result for syphilis. Abnormal blood work, a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test result from blood work. What Is an Antinuclear Antibody Test An antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is a sensitive screening tool used to detect autoimmune diseases, including lupus. Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are antibodies that are directed against certain structures within a cell's nucleus (thus, antinuclear antibody. ANAs are found in particular patterns in people with autoimmune diseases (those in which a person's immune system works against his or her own body. An ANA test is done on a sample of a person's blood. The test determines the strength of the antibodies by measuring how many times the person's blood must be diluted to get a sample that is free of antibodies. Does a Positive ANA Test Mean That I Have Lupus? Not necessarily. The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is positive in most people who have lupus, but it also may be positive in many people who are healthy or have another autoimmune disease. Therefore, a positive ANA test alone is not adequate for the diagnosis of lupus. There must be at least three additional clinical features from the list of 11 features for the diagnosis to be made. How Is Lupus Treated? The type of lupus treatment prescribed will depend on several factors, including the person's age, type of drugs he or she is taking, overall health, medical history, and location and severity of disease. Because lupus is a condition that can change over time and is not always predictable, a critical part of good care includes periodic visits with a knowledgeable, accessible doctor, such as a rheumatologist. Some people with mild features of the disease do not require treatment, while people with serious involvement (such as kidney complications) may require powerful medications. Drugs used to treat lupus include: Steroids. Steroid creams can be applied directly to rashes. The use of creams is usually safe and effective, especially for mild rashes. The use of steroid creams or tablets in low doses can be effective for mild or moderate features of lupus. Steroids also can be used in higher doses when internal organs are threatened. Unfortunately, high doses also are most likely to produce side effects. Plaquenil ( hydroxychloroquine. Commonly used to help keep mild lupus-related problems, such as skin and joint disease, under control. This drug is also effective at preventing lupus flares. Cytoxan ( cyclophosphamide. A chemotherapy drug that has very powerful effects on reducing the activity of the immune system. It is used to treat severe forms of lupus, such as those affecting the kidneys or brain. Imuran ( azathioprine. A medication originally used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. It is commonly used to treat the more serious features of lupus. Rheumatrex ( methotrexate. Another chemotherapy drug used to suppress the immune system. Its use is becoming increasingly popular for skin disease, arthritis, and other non-life-threatening forms of disease that have not responded to medications such as hydroxychloroquine or low doses of prednisone. Benlysta (belimumab. This drug weakens the immune system by targeting a protein that may reduce the abnormal B cells thought to contribute to lupus. People with active, autoantibody-positive lupus may benefit from Benlysta when given in addition to standard drug therapy. CellCept ( mycophenolate mofetil. A drug that suppresses the immune system and is also used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. It is being used increasingly to treat serious features of lupus, especially those previously treated by Cytoxan. Rituxan ( rituximab. A biologic agent used to treat lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis. It is used to treat the most serious features of lupus when other therapies are not effective. What Is the Outlook for People With Lupus? The outlook for lupus varies, depending on the organs involved and the severity of symptoms. The disease often includes periods of symptoms followed by periods of remission or lack of symptoms. Most people with lupus can expect to have a normal lifespan, especially if they follow their doctor's instructions and their treatment plans. What Can Be Done to Improve Quality of Life With Lupus? There is no cure for lupus, but there are steps you can take to improve your sense of well-being and your quality of life, including: Exercise. Low-impact exercises, such as walking, swimming, and biking can help prevent muscle wasting and lower your risk for developing osteoporosis (thinning of the bones. Exercise also can have a positive impact on mood. Get enough rest. Pace yourself, alternating periods of activity with periods of rest. Eat well. People with lupus should eat a nutritious, well-balanced diet. Avoid alcohol. Alcohol can interact with your medications to cause significant stomach or intestinal problems, including ulcers. Don't smoke. Smoking can impair circulation and worsen symptoms in people with lupus. Tobacco smoke also has negative effects on your heart, lungs, and stomach. Play it safe in the sun. People with lupus may develop rashes or disease flares when exposed to the sun. All lupus patients should protect themselves from the sun; limit time in the sun, especially between 10 a. m. and 2 p. m., wearing sunglasses, a hat, and sunscreen when you are out in the sun. Treat fevers. Take care of fevers and infections promptly. A fever may indicate an infection or a lupus flare-up. Be a partner in your care. Build an honest and open relationship with your doctor. Be patient. It often takes time to find the right medication and dosage that works best for you. Also, follow your doctor's treatment plan and don't be afraid to ask questions. Get to know your disease. Keep a record of your lupus symptoms, which parts of your body are affected and any situations or activities that seem to trigger your symptoms. Ask for help. Don't be afraid to recognize when you need help and to ask for it. Consider joining a support group. It often helps to talk to others who have been through similar experiences. Living With Someone Who Has Lupus If someone close to you has lupus, your life will likely be affected, as well. It is important to understand your loved one's illness and what he or she may be expecting from you. The following are some tips for living with someone who has lupus: Learn about lupus and its treatment. Understanding the illness can help you know what to expect, and provide better support and understanding. Don't push. Give your loved one enough space to deal with the illness and regain some control over his or her life. When possible, go with the person to the doctor. This is a good way to offer support and to listen to what the doctor says. Sometimes, a person feels overwhelmed and cannot take in everything the doctor says. Encourage the person to take care of himself or herself and to follow the doctor's treatment plan, but do it gently. Be patient and don't nag. Be open with the person. Talk about your own fears and concerns, and ask the person about his or her fears and needs.

Download free clemency certificate. Download free clemency forms. Download free clemency programs. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) otherwise known as lupus, is a chronic condition that results from a malfunctioning immune system. People with lupus are more likely to experience infection and infection-related complications. This is because their immune system is weakened by both the disease and the medication used to treat it. The most common infections for people with lupus include those of the respiratory tract, skin and urinary system. Lupus and the immune system The immune system is made up of many different types of immune cells and proteins that work to protect your body against disease and infection. When your body detects the presence of germs, such as bacteria or a virus, your immune system responds and defends your body against these invaders. Once they deal with the germs, they switch off, and everything returns to normal. However sometimes, with conditions like lupus, the immune system malfunctions and attacks the healthy tissues its supposed to protect, including skin, joints, kidneys and lining of the heart and lungs. Your immune system launches an attack and doesnt stop. This causes ongoing inflammation, pain and tissue damage. Many people with lupus take immunosuppressive medication to control their immune system and to help prevent this inflammation and pain occurring. Unfortunately, these medications affect the entire immune system. They dont target only the malfunctioning cells, but also the normal ones. In particular, the activity of white blood cells may be affected, which means that the body has a weaker response against bacterial infection. Lupus and common infections People with lupus are prone to catching the same kinds of infections that affect other people. However, theyre also at risk from ‘opportunistic organisms, such as fungi, that are more likely to cause infection when the immune system is weakened. Although people with lupus are more susceptible to microorganisms, the resulting infections are usually mild. Some of the more common infections include: herpes zoster (virus) Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium) Escherichia coli (bacterium) Salmonella (bacterium) Candida albicans (fungus. Diagnosing an infection in someone with lupus It can sometimes be difficult to diagnose an infection in someone who has lupus, because the symptoms may closely mimic those of lupus. For instance, it can be hard to tell whether joint pains and fever are caused by a lupus flare or an infection. To further complicate matters, an infection can trigger a lupus flare. A chronic low-grade fever may be normal for someone with lupus, so it helps to take your temperature at the same time daily. It is recommended that you see your doctor if you have a temperature that is higher than usual, or experience any symptoms that arent typical for you. Methods used to diagnose the presence of an infection may include: physical examination by your doctor blood tests urine tests chest x-ray cultures of the throat, blood, urine or stool. Treating an infection in someone with lupus The medical treatment required to treat infection in a person with lupus may be more prolonged than that needed for people who do not have lupus. Treatment depends on the type of infectious agent: Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. This may include intravenous antibiotics and hospital admission in the case of more serious infections, particularly if the person is using immunosuppressive drugs as part of their lupus therapy. Fungal infections are treated with antifungal medications. They may be in the form of creams, suppositories or oral medications. Many viral infections (such as sinus infections, bronchitis and colds) dont respond to treatment, and shouldnt be treated with antibiotics. (Overuse of antibiotics leads to bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics and harder to treat. In these situations, your doctor may recommend that you use over-the-counter treatments to help you feel better for the duration of the infection (for example, pain relievers for pain, short term use of nasal sprays for a blocked or runny nose. Antiviral medication may be used in the case of some viral infections (for example, herpes zoster. Some people with lupus will have an allergic reaction to sulfa antibiotics, which may cause increased photosensitivity, skin rashes and lower white blood cell counts. This type of antibiotic should be avoided wherever possible. Reducing the risk of infection if you have lupus Because treating infections is difficult if you have lupus, the best thing you can do is reduce your risk of infection. You can do this by: washing your hands thoroughly treating any cuts and grazes to the skin promptly having high standards of personal hygiene cleaning your house regularly and thoroughly avoiding use of items that commonly harbour germs such as old, soiled kitchen sponges avoiding contact with anyone who has an infection talking to your doctor about an annual influenza (flu) immunisation and pneumococcal immunisation eating a well-balanced and nutritious diet taking your temperature daily so you know what is normal for you consulting your doctor (who may recommend a preventative course of antibiotics) prior to any dental or surgical procedure. Where to get help Your GP (doctor) Rheumatologist Immunologist Musculoskeletal Australia National Help Line Tel. [phone] Content Partner This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by: Musculoskeletal Australia - formerly MOVE Last updated: August 2019 Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances. The State of Victoria and the Department of Health & Human Services shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website.

Kysymys: Mikä ero on armolla ja laupeudella? Vastaus: Armo ja laupeus on helppo sekoittaa keskenään. Ne ovat samankaltaiset, mutta eivät tarkoita samaa. Niiden väliset erot voi kiteyttää seuraavasti: laupeus merkitsee, että Jumala ei rankaise meitä synneistämme ansioidemme mukaan; ja armo tarkoittaa, että Jumala siunaa meitä, vaikka emme sitä ansaitse. Laupeus on vapautus tuomiosta. Armo on hyvyyden osoitus arvotonta kohtaan. Raamatun mukaan kaikki ovat tehneet syntiä (Saarn. 7:20; Room. 3:23; 1. Joh. 1:8. Tämän seurauksena me kaikki ansaitsemme kuolemanrangaistuksen (Room. 6:23) ja iankaikkisen tuomion tulisessa järvessä (Ilm. 20:12-15. Tämä mielessämme, jokainen uusi päivä on armon osoitus Jumalalta. Jos Jumala kohtelisi meitä ansioittemme mukaisesti, me kaikki kohtaisimme tuomiomme välittömästi. Psalmissa 51:3-4 Daavid pyytää, Jumala, ole minulle armollinen hyvyydessäsi, pyyhi pois minun syntini suuren laupeutesi tähden. Pese minut puhtaaksi rikoksestani ja anna lankeemukseni anteeksi. Laupeuden pyytäminen Jumalalta merkitsee, että haluamme hänen lykkäävän ansaitsemaamme rangaistusta ja antamaan meille sen sijaan anteeksi, vaikka emme mitenkään ole sitä ansainneet. Me emme ansaitse mitään Jumalalta. Jumala ei ole meille mitään velkaa. Kaikki kokemamme hyvä on Jumalan armon ansiota (Ef. 2:5. Armo on yksinkertaisesti ansaitsematon suosionosoitus. Jumala antaa meidän elämäämme kaikkea hyvää, jota emme ansaitse ja jota emme koskaan voisi ansaita tekojemme kautta. Olemme pelastuneet tuomiosta Jumalan laupeuden kautta, armo on kaikki, mitä saamme tuon armollisuuden jälkeen (Room. 3:24. Yleisessä armossa on kyse siitä maailmanlaajuisesta Jumalan osoittamasta armollisuudesta ihmiskunnalle heidän hengellisestä tilastaan riippumatta. Pelastavassa armossa puolestaan on kyse Jumalan kaikkivaltaisuudessaan antamasta ansaitsemattomasta jumalallisesta avusta valituilleen heidän uudestisyntymässään ja pyhityksessään. Armo ja laupeus tulevat parhaiten esille Jeesuksen Kristuksen kautta tapahtuvassa pelastumisessa. Me ansaitsemme tuomion, mutta ottaessamme Jeesuksen Kristuksen vastaan pelastajana, saamme kokea Jumalan laupeuden ja vapaudumme tuomiosta. Tuomion sijaan saamme pelastuksen armon, syntien anteeksiannon, yltäkylläisen elämän (Joh. 10:10) ja iankaikkisuuden taivaassa (Ilm. 21-22. Jumalan armon ja laupeuden vuoksi meidän tulisi vaipua polvillemme ja palvoa häntä kiitoksin. Hepr. 4:16 julistaa "Astukaamme sen tähden rohkeasti armon valtaistuimen eteen, jotta saisimme laupeuden ja löytäisimme armon avuksemme, silloin kun sitä tarvitsemme. " English Paluu suomenkieliselle etusivulle Mikä ero on armolla ja laupeudella.

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Lupus is a long-term autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal, healthy tissue. Symptoms include inflammation, swelling, and damage to the joints, skin, kidneys, blood, heart, and lungs. Due to its complex nature, people sometimes call lupus the “disease of 1, 000 faces. ” In the United States, people report around 16, 000 new cases of lupus each year, and up to 1. 5 million people may be living with the condition, according to the Lupus Foundation of America. The Foundation say that lupus affects women in particular, and it is most likely to appear between the ages of 15 and 44 years. Lupus gained public attention in 2015 after the singer Selena Gomez announced she received a diagnosis in her late teens and underwent treatment for the condition. Lupus is not a contagious disease. A person cannot transmit it sexually or in any other way to another person. However, in rare cases, women with lupus may give birth to children who develop a form of lupus. This is called neonatal lupus. There are different kinds of lupus. This article will focus mainly on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but other types include discoid, drug-induced, and neonatal lupus. Systemic lupus erythematosus Share on Pinterest A malar rash is a key symptom of lupus. Image credit: Doktorinternet, 2013. SLE is the most familiar type of lupus. It is a systemic condition. This means it has an impact throughout the body. The symptoms can range from mild to severe. It is more severe than other types of lupus, such as discoid lupus, because it can affect any of the bodys organs or organ systems. It can cause inflammation in the skin, joints, lungs, kidneys, blood, heart, or a combination of these. This condition typically goes through cycles. At times of remission, the person will have no symptoms. During a flare-up, the disease is active, and symptoms appear. Discoid lupus erythematosus In discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) — or cutaneous lupus — symptoms affect only the skin. A rash appears on the face, neck, and scalp. The raised areas may become thick and scaly, and scarring may result. The rash may last from a number of days to several years, and it may recur. DLE does not affect the internal organs, but around 10 percent of people with DLE will go on to develop SLE, according to the Lupus Foundation of America. It is not clear, however, if these individuals already had SLE and just showed clinical signs on the skin or if there is a progression from DLE or SLE. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus refers to skin lesions that appear on parts of the body that are exposed to the sun. The lesions do not cause scarring. Drug-induced lupus In around 10 percent of people with SLE, symptoms occur because of a reaction to certain prescription drugs. According to Genetics Home Reference, some 80 drugs may cause the condition. These include some of the drugs that people use to treat seizures and high blood pressure. They also include some thyroid medications, antibiotics, antifungals, and oral contraceptive pills. Drugs that are commonly associated with this form of lupus are: Hydralazine, a hypertension medication Procainamide, a heart arrhythmia medication Isoniazid, an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis (TB) Drug-induced lupus typically goes away after the person stops taking the medication. Neonatal lupus Most babies born to mothers with SLE are healthy. However, around 1 percent of women with autoantibodies relating to lupus will have a baby with neonatal lupus. The woman may have SLE, Sjögrens syndrome, or no disease symptoms at all. Sjögrens syndrome is another autoimmune condition that often occurs with lupus. Key symptoms include dry eyes and a dry mouth. At birth, babies with neonatal lupus may have a skin rash, liver problems, and low blood counts. Around 10 percent of them will have anemia. The lesions usually go away after a few weeks. However, some infants have a congenital heart block, in which the heart cannot regulate a normal and rhythmic pumping action. The infant may need a pacemaker. This can be a life-threatening condition. It is important for women with SLE or other related autoimmune disorders to be under a doctors care during pregnancy. Lupus is an autoimmune condition, but the exact cause is unclear. What goes wrong? The immune system protects the body and fights off antigens, such as viruses, bacteria, and germs. It does this by producing proteins called antibodies. White blood cells, or B lymphocytes, produce these antibodies. When a person has an autoimmune condition, such as lupus, the immune system cannot differentiate between unwanted substances, or antigens, and healthy tissue. As a result, the immune system directs antibodies against both the healthy tissue and the antigens. This causes swelling, pain, and tissue damage. The most common type of autoantibody that develops in people with lupus is an antinuclear antibody (ANA. The ANA reacts with parts of the cells nucleus, the command center of the cell. These autoantibodies circulate in the blood, but some of the bodys cells have walls permeable enough to let some autoantibodies through. The autoantibodies can then attack the DNA in the nucleus of these cells. This is why lupus affects some organs and not others. Why does the immune system go wrong? Several genetic factors probably influence the development of SLE. Some genes in the body help the immune system to function. In people with SLE, changes in these genes may stop the immune system from working properly. One possible theory relates to cell death, a natural process that occurs as the body renews its cells, according to Genetics Home Reference. Some scientists believe that, due to genetic factors, the body does not get rid of cells that have died. These dead cells that remain may release substances that cause the immune system to malfunction. Lupus may develop in response to a number of factors. These may be hormonal, genetic, environmental, or a combination of these. 1) Hormones Hormones are chemical substances that the body produces. They control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. Hormonal activity could explain the following risk factors: Sex: The U. S. National Institutes of Health note that females are nine times more likely to have lupus than males. Age: Symptoms and diagnosis often occur between the ages of 15 and 45 years, during the childbearing years. However, 20 percent of cases appear after the age of 50 years, according to Genetics Home Reference. As 9 out of 10 occurrences of lupus affect females, researchers have looked at a possible link between estrogen and lupus. Both men and women produce estrogen, but women produce more. In a review published in 2016, scientists observed that estrogen can affect immune activity and induce lupus antibodies in mice that are susceptible to lupus. This may explain why autoimmune diseases are more likely to affect women than men. In 2010, researchers who published a study on self-reported flares in the journal Rheumatology found that women with lupus report more severe pain and fatigue during menstruation. This suggests that flares may be more likely at this time. There is not enough evidence to confirm that estrogen causes lupus. If there is a link, estrogen-based treatment could regulate the severity of lupus. However, more research is necessary before doctors can offer it as a treatment. 2) Genetic factors Researchers have not proved that any specific genetic factor causes lupus, although it is more common in some families. Genetic factors may be the reason why the following are risk factors for lupus: Race: People of any background can develop lupus, but it is two to three times more common in people of color, compared with the white population. It is also more common in Hispanic, Asian, and Native American women. Family history: A person who has a first- or second-degree relative with lupus will have a higher risk of developing it. Scientists have identified certain genes that may contribute to the development of lupus, but there is not enough evidence to prove that they cause the disease. In studies of identical twins, one twin may develop lupus while the other does not, even if they grow up together and have the same environmental exposures. If one member of a twin pair has lupus, the other has a 25-percent chance of developing the disease, according to a study published in Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism in 2017. Identical twins are more likely to both have the condition. Lupus can happen in people with no family history of the disease, but there may be other autoimmune diseases in the family. Examples include thyroiditis, hemolytic anemia, and idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura. Some have proposed that changes in the x-chromosomes might affect the risk. 3) Environment Environmental agents — such as chemicals or viruses — may contribute to triggering lupus in people who are already genetically susceptible. Possible environmental triggers include: Smoking: A rise in the number of cases in recent decades may be due to higher tobacco exposure. Exposure to sunlight: Some suggest that this may be a trigger. Medication: Around 10 percent of cases may be drug-related, according to Genetics Home Reference Viral infections: These may trigger symptoms in people who are prone to SLE. Lupus is not contagious, and a person cannot transmit it sexually. Gut microbiota Recently, scientists have been looking at gut microbiota as a possible factor in the development of lupus. Scientists who published research in Applied and Environmental Microbiology in 2018 noted that specific changes in gut microbiota feature in both people and mice with lupus. They call for more research into this area. Are children at risk? Lupus is rare in children under the age of 15 years unless their birth mother has it. In this case, a child may have lupus-related heart, liver, or skin problems. Infants with neonatal lupus may have a higher chance of developing another autoimmune disease later in life. The symptoms of lupus occur in times of flare-ups. Between flare-ups, people usually experience times of remission, when there are few or no symptoms. Lupus has a wide range of symptoms, including: fatigue a loss of appetite and weight loss pain or swelling in joints and muscles swelling in the legs or around the eyes swollen glands, or lymph nodes skin rashes, due to bleeding under the skin mouth ulcers sensitivity to the sun fever headaches chest pain upon deep breathing unusual hair loss pale or purple fingers or toes from cold or stress ( Raynauds phenomenon) arthritis Lupus affects people in different ways. Symptoms can occur in many parts of the body. Effect on other body systems Lupus can also affect the following systems: Kidneys: Inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis) can make it difficult for the body to remove waste products and other toxins effectively. Around 1 in 3 people with lupus will have kidney problems. Lungs: Some people develop pleuritis, an inflammation of the lining of the chest cavity that causes chest pain, particularly with breathing. Pneumonia may develop. Central nervous system: Lupus can sometimes affect the brain or central nervous system. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, depression, memory disturbances, vision problems, seizures, stroke, or changes in behavior. Blood vessels: Vasculitis, or inflammation of the blood vessels, can occur. This can affect circulation. Blood: Lupus can cause anemia, leukopenia (a decreased number of white blood cells) or thrombocytopenia (a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, which assist in clotting. Heart: If inflammation affects the heart, it can result in myocarditis and endocarditis. It can also affect the membrane that surrounds the heart, causing pericarditis. Chest pain or other symptoms may result. Endocarditis can damage the heart valves, causing the valve surface to thicken and develop. This can result in growths that can lead to heart murmurs. Other complications Having lupus increases the risk of a number of health problems. Infection: Infection becomes more likely because both lupus and its treatments weaken the immune system. Common infections include urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, yeast infections, salmonella, herpes, and shingles. Bone tissue death: This occurs when there is low blood supply to a bone. Tiny breaks can develop in the bone. Eventually, the bone may collapse. It most commonly affects the hip joint. Pregnancy complications: Women with lupus have a higher risk of pregnancy loss, preterm birth, and preeclampsia, a condition that includes high blood pressure. To reduce the risk of these complications, doctors often recommend delaying pregnancy until lupus has been under control for at least 6 months. The following video explains how lupus causes symptoms. The American College of Rheumatology use a standard classification scheme to confirm a diagnosis. If a person meets 4 out of 11 criteria, a doctor will consider that they may have lupus. The 11 criteria are: Malar rash: A butterfly-shaped rash appears across the cheeks and nose. Discoid rash: Raised red patches develop. Photosensitivity: A skin rash appears after exposure to sunlight. Oral or nose ulcers: These are usually painless. Non-erosive arthritis: This does not destroy the bones around the joints, but there is tenderness, swelling, or effusion in 2 or more peripheral joints. Pericarditis or pleuritis: Inflammation affects the lining around the heart (pericarditis) or lungs (pleuritis. Kidney disorder: Tests show high levels of protein or cellular casts in the urine if a person has a kidney problem. Neurologic disorder: The person has seizures, psychosis, or problems with thinking and reasoning. Hematologic (blood) disorder: Hemolytic anemia is present, with a low white blood-cell count or low platelet count. Immunologic disorder: Tests show that there are antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies to Sm, or antibodies to cardiolipin. Positive ANA: The test for ANA is positive, and the person has not used any drugs that might induce it. However, even this system sometimes misses early and mild cases. Underdiagnosis can occur because the signs and symptoms of lupus are not specific. On the other hand, some blood tests can lead to overdiagnosis, because people without lupus can have the same antibodies as those with the condition. Diagnosis can be difficult because of the varied symptoms that may resemble symptoms of other illnesses. The doctor will ask about symptoms, carry out a physical examination, and take a personal and family medical history. They will also consider the 11 criteria mentioned above. The doctor may request some blood tests and other laboratory investigations. Biomarkers Biomarkers are antibodies, proteins, genetic, and other factors that can show a doctor what is happening in the body or how the body is responding to treatment. They are useful because they can indicate if a person has a condition even when there are no symptoms. Lupus affects individuals in different ways. This makes it difficult to find reliable biomarkers. However, a combination of blood tests and other investigations can help a doctor to confirm a diagnosis. Blood tests Blood tests can show whether certain biomarkers are present, and biomarkers can give information about which autoimmune disease, if any, a person has. 1) Antinuclear antibody Around 95 percent of people with lupus will have a positive result in the ANA test. However, some people test positive for ANA, but they do not have lupus. Other tests must confirm the diagnosis. 2) Antiphospholipid antibodies Antiphospholipid antibodies (APLs) are a type of antibody directed against phospholipids. APLs are present in up to 50 percent of people with lupus. People without lupus can also have APLs. A person with APLs may have a higher risk of blood clots, stroke, and pulmonary hypertension. There is also a higher risk of pregnancy complications, including a loss of pregnancy. 3) Anti-DNA antibody test Around 70 percent of people with lupus have an antibody known as the anti-DNA antibody. The result is more likely to be positive during a flare-up. 4) Anti-dsDNA antibody The anti-double-stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA) is a specific type of ANA antibody that occurs about 30 percent of people with lupus. Fewer than 1 percent of people without lupus have this antibody. If the test is positive, it may mean that a person has a more serious form of lupus, such as lupus nephritis, or kidney lupus. 5) Anti-Smith antibody Around 20 percent of people with lupus have an antibody to Sm, a ribonucleoprotein that is present in the nucleus of a cell. It is present in fewer than 1 percent of people without lupus, and it is rare in those with other rheumatic diseases. For this reason, a person with anti-sm antibodies is likely to have lupus. It is not usually present with kidney lupus. 6) Anti-U1RNP antibody Around 25 percent of people with lupus have anti-U1RNP antibodies, and fewer than 1 percent of people without lupus have them. This antibody may be present in people who have Raynauds phenomenon, and Jaccouds arthropathy, a deformity of the hand due to arthritis. 7) Anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies Between 30 and 40 percent of people with lupus have anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies. These also occur with primary Sjögrens syndrome and in people with lupus who test negative for ANA. They are present in small amount in about 15 percent of people without lupus, and they can occur with other rheumatic conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. If a mother has anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies, there is a higher chance that a baby born to her will have neonatal lupus. A person with lupus who wishes to become pregnant have tests for these antibodies. 8) Anti-histone antibodies Antibodies to histones are proteins that play a role in the structure of DNA. People with drug-induced lupus usually have them, and people with SLE may have them. However, they do not necessarily confirm a diagnosis of lupus. Serum (blood) complement test A serum complement test measures the levels of proteins that the body consumes when inflammation takes place. If a person has low complement levels, this suggests that inflammation is present in the body and that SLE is active. Urine tests Urine tests can help to diagnose and monitor the effects of lupus on the kidneys. The presence of protein, red blood cells, white blood cells, and cellular casts can all help to show how well the kidneys are working. For some tests, only one sample is necessary. For others, the person may need to collect samples over 24 hours. Tissue biopsies The doctor may also request biopsies, usually of the skin or kidneys, to check for any damage or inflammation. Imaging tests X-rays and other imaging tests can help doctors see the organs affected by lupus. Monitoring tests Ongoing tests can show how lupus continues to affect a person or how well their body is responding to treatment. There is currently no cure for lupus, but people can manage their symptoms and flares with lifestyle changes and medication. Treatment aims to: prevent or manage flares reduce the risk of organ damage Medication can help to: reduce pain and swelling regulate the activity of the immune system balance hormones reduce or prevent joint and organ damage manage blood pressure reduce the risk of infection control cholesterol The exact treatment will depend on how lupus affects the individual. Without treatment, flares can occur that may have life-threatening consequences. Alternative and home therapies Apart from medication, the following may help to relieve pain or reduce the risk of a flare: applying heat and cold participating in relaxation or meditation activities, including yoga and tai chi doing regular exercise when possible avoiding exposure to the sun avoid stress, as far as possible Some people use the supplement thunder-god vine. However, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) warn that this can be poisonous. It is important to speak to a doctor before using it. Outlook In the past, people who had a diagnosis of lupus would not usually survive for more than 5 years. Now, however treatment can significantly increase a persons lifespan, according to the National Institutes of Health. Effective therapy also makes it possible to manage lupus, so that a person can live an active, healthy life. As scientists learn more about genetics, doctors hope that one day they will be able to identify lupus at an earlier stage. This will make it easier to prevent complications before they occur. Sometimes people choose to join a clinical trial, as this can give access to new medications. To find out more about clinical trials click here.

 

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Client is downloading. torrent. infoHash) torrent. files. forEach ( function ( file) / Display the file by appending it to the DOM. Supports video, audio, images, and / more. Specify a container element (CSS selector or reference to DOM node. file. appendTo. body. Seeding a file is simple, too: var dragDrop = require. drag-drop ' When user drops files on the browser, create a new torrent and start seeding it! dragDrop. body. function ( files) client. seed (files, function ( torrent) console. log. Client is seeding. torrent. infoHash. There are more examples in docs. Browserify WebTorrent works great with browserify, an npm package that let's you use node -style require( to organize your browser code and load modules installed by npm (as seen in the previous examples. Webpack WebTorrent also works with webpack, a module bundler similar to browserify. However, webpack requires the following extra configuration: target. web ' node: fs. empty. If you are on webpack 1. x, you will also need to add the json-loader: module: loaders: / make sure to install the 'json-loader' package: npm install json-loader test. json. loader. json. Otherwise you could also directly use the pre-built version via require( webtorrent. Script tag WebTorrent is also available as a standalone script ( which exposes WebTorrent on the window object, so it can be used with just a script tag: < script src. script > The WebTorrent script is also hosted on fast, reliable CDN infrastructure (Cloudflare and MaxCDN) for easy inclusion on your site: In WebTorrent also works in, using the same npm package! It's mad science! NOTE: To connect to "web peers" browsers) in addition to normal BitTorrent peers, use webtorrent-hybrid which includes WebRTC support for node. As a command line app WebTorrent is also available as a command line app. Here's how to use it: npm install webtorrent-cli -g webtorrent - help To download a torrent: To stream a torrent to a device like AirPlay or Chromecast, just pass a flag: webtorrent magnet_uri - airplay There are many supported streaming options: airplay Apple TV - chromecast Chromecast - mplayer MPlayer - mpv MPV - omx [jack] omx [default: hdmi] vlc VLC - xbmc XBMC - stdout standard out [implies - quiet] In addition to magnet uris, WebTorrent supports many ways to specify a torrent. Talks about WebTorrent Sep 2017 - Nordic JS - Get Rich Quick With P2P Crypto Currency May 2017. WebTorrent and Peerify (Spanish) Nov 2016 - NodeConf Argentina - Real world Electron: Building Cross-platform desktop apps with JavaScript May 2016 - SIGNAL Conference - BitTorrent in the Browser May 2015 - Data Terra Nemo - WebTorrent: Mother of all demos May 2015 - Data Terra Nemo - WebRTC Everywhere Nov 2014 - JSConf Asia - How WebTorrent Works Sep 2014 - NodeConf EU - WebRTC Mad Science (first working WebTorrent demo) Apr 2014 - CraftConf - Bringing BitTorrent to the Web May 2014. How I Built a BitTorrent Client in the Browser (progress update; node client working) Oct 2013 - RealtimeConf - WebRTC Black Magic (first mention of idea for WebTorrent) Modules Most of the active development is happening inside of small npm packages which are used by WebTorrent. The Node Way "When applications are done well, they are just the really application-specific, brackish residue that can't be so easily abstracted away. All the nice, reusable components sublimate away onto github and npm where everybody can collaborate to advance the commons. — substack from "how I write modules" These are the main modules that make up WebTorrent: module tests version description webtorrent torrent client (this module) bittorrent-dht distributed hash table client bittorrent-peerid identify client name/version bittorrent-protocol bittorrent protocol stream bittorrent-tracker bittorrent tracker server/client create-torrent create. torrent files magnet-uri parse magnet uris parse-torrent parse torrent identifiers render-media intelligently render media files torrent-discovery find peers via dht and tracker ut_metadata metadata for magnet uris (protocol extension) peer discovery (protocol extension) Enable debug logs In node, enable debug logs by setting the DEBUG environment variable to the name of the module you want to debug (e. g. bittorrent-protocol, or * to print all logs. In the browser, enable debug logs by running this in the developer console: localStorage. debug. Disable by running this: localStorage. removeItem. debug ' License MIT. Copyright (c) Feross Aboukhadijeh and WebTorrent, LLC.

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Pangako sa'yo. Shubhra Gupta wrote in her review. Panga. us an array of wonderful women walking the talk. Ranaut has the courage to go plain-faced, minus pancake: her sure-footedness right through the film, on and off the mat, is spot-on. Chadha, armed with a bouncy pony-tail and buoyant back-chat, is a lot of fun, as is Neena Guptas bracing mother. The two current kabaddi players, whom Jaya spends time with, in the second half, both leave a mark...

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Review Saint Frances is a movie starring Kelly O'Sullivan, Charin Alvarez, and Braden Crothers. After an accidental pregnancy turned abortion, a deadbeat nanny finds an unlikely friendship with the six-year old she's charged with / countries USA / actor Kelly O'Sullivan / genre Drama / scores 143 Votes / duration 1hour 46Min. Saint Francis of Assisi abandoned a life of luxury for a life devoted to Christianity after reportedly hearing the voice of God, who commanded him to rebuild the Christian church and live in poverty. He is the patron saint of animals and the environment. Who Was Saint Francis of Assisi? Born in Italy circa 1181, Saint Francis of Assisi was renowned for drinking and partying in his youth. After fighting in a battle between Assisi and Perugia, Francis was captured and imprisoned for ransom. He spent nearly a year in prison — awaiting his father's payment — and, according to legend, began receiving visions from God. After his release from prison, Francis heard the voice of Christ, who told him to repair the Christian Church and live a life of poverty. Consequently, he abandoned his life of luxury and became a devotee of the faith, his reputation spreading all over the Christian world.  Later in life, Francis reportedly received a vision that left him with the stigmata of Christ — marks resembling the wounds Jesus Christ suffered when he was crucified — making Francis the first person to receive such holy wounds. He was canonized as a saint on July 16, 1228. During his life he also developed a deep love of nature and animals and is known as the patron saint of the environment and animals; his life and words have had a lasting resonance with millions of followers across the globe. Each October, many animals the world over are blessed on his feast day. Saint Francis of Assisi Why Is Saint Francis the Patron Saint of Animals? Today, Saint Francis of Assisi is the patron saint for ecologists — a title honoring his boundless love for animals and nature. Early Life of Luxury Born circa 1181, in Assisi, duchy of Spoleto, Italy, Saint Francis of Assisi, though revered today, began his life as a confirmed sinner. His father was a wealthy cloth merchant who owned farmland around Assisi, and his mother was a beautiful Frenchwoman. Francis was not in want during his youth; he was spoiled, indulging himself with fine food, wine, and wild celebrations. By age 14, he had left school and become known as a rebellious teenager who frequently drank, partied and broke the city curfew. He was also known for his charm and vanity. In these privileged surroundings, Francis of Assisi learned the skills of archery, wrestling and horsemanship. He was expected to follow his father into the family textile business but was bored by the prospect of life in the cloth trade. Instead of planning a future as a merchant, he began daydreaming of a future as a knight; knights were Medieval action heroes, and if Francis had any ambition, it was to be a war hero like them. It wouldn't be long before the opportunity for warfare beckoned. In 1202 war broke between Assisi and Perugia, and Francis eagerly took his place with the cavalry. Little did he know at the time, his experience with war would change him forever. War and Imprisonment Francis and the men of Assisi came under heavy attack, and in the face of superior numbers, they took flight. The whole battlefield was soon covered with the bodies of butchered, mutilated men, screaming in agony. Most of the surviving Assisi troops were immediately put to death. Unskilled and with no combat experience, Francis was quickly captured by enemy soldiers. Dressed like an aristocrat and wearing expensive new armor, he was considered worthy of a decent ransom, and the soldiers decided to spare his life. He and the other wealthy troops were taken as prisoners, led off to a dank underground cell. Francis would spend nearly a year in such miserable conditions — awaiting his father's payment — during which time he may well have contracted a serious disease. Also during this time, he would later report, he began to receive visions from God. After the War After a year of negotiations, Francis' ransom was accepted, and he was released from prison in 1203. When he came back to Assisi, however, Francis was a very different man. Upon his return, he was dangerously sick in both mind and body — a battle-fatigued casualty of war. One day, as legend has it, while riding on a horse in the local countryside, Francis encountered a leper. Prior to the war, Francis would have run from the leper, but on this occasion, his behavior was very different. Viewing the leper as a symbol of moral conscience — or as Jesus incognito, according to some religious scholars — he embraced and kissed him, later describing the experience as a feeling of sweetness in his mouth. After this incident, Francis felt an indescribable freedom. His earlier lifestyle had lost all of its appeal. Subsequently, Francis, now in his early 20s, began turning his focus toward God. Instead of working, he spent an ever-increasing amount of time at a remote mountain hideaway as well as in old, quiet churches around Assisi, praying, looking for answers, and helping nurse lepers. During this time, while praying before an old Byzantine crucifix at the church of San Damiano, Francis reportedly heard the voice of Christ, who told him to rebuild the Christian Church and to live a life of extreme poverty. Francis obeyed and devoted himself to Christianity. He began preaching around Assisi and was soon joined by 12 loyal followers. Some regarded Francis as a madman or a fool, but others viewed him as one of the greatest examples of how to live the Christian ideal since Jesus Christ himself. Whether he was really touched by God, or simply a man misinterpreting hallucinations brought on by mental illness and/or poor health, Francis of Assisi quickly became well-known throughout the Christian world. Devotion to Christianity After his epiphany at the church of San Damiano, Francis experienced another defining moment in his life. In order to raise money to rebuild the Christian church, he sold a bolt of cloth from his father's shop, along with his horse. His father became furious upon learning of his son's actions and subsequently dragged Francis before the local bishop. The bishop told Francis to return his father's money, to which his reaction was extraordinary: He stripped off his clothes, and along with them, returned the money back to his father, declaring that God was now the only father he recognized. This event is credited as Francis' final conversion, and there is no indication that Francis and his father ever spoke again thereafter. The bishop gave Francis a rough tunic, and dressed in these new humble clothes, Francis left Assisi. Unluckily for him, the first people he met on the road were a group of dangerous thieves, who beat him badly. Despite his wounds, Francis was elated. From now on, he would live according to the Gospel. Francis' embrace of Christ-like poverty was a radical notion at the time. The Christian church was tremendously rich, much like the people heading it, which concerned Francis and many others, who felt that the long-held apostolic ideals had eroded. Francis set out on a mission to restore Jesus Christ's own, original values to the now-decadent church. With his incredible charisma, he drew thousands of followers to him. They listened to Francis' sermons and joined in his way of life; his followers became known as Franciscan friars. Continuously pushing himself in the quest for spiritual perfection, Francis was soon preaching in up to five villages per day, teaching a new kind of emotional and personal Christian religion that everyday people could understand. He even went so far as to preach to animals, which garnered criticism from some and earned him the nickname "God's fool. But Francis' message was spread far and wide, and thousands of people were captivated by what they heard. In 1224 Francis reportedly received a vision that left him with the stigmata of Christ — marks resembling the wounds Jesus Christ suffered when he was crucified, through his hands and the gaping lance wound in his side. This made Francis the first person to receive the holy wounds of the stigmata. They would remain visible for the rest of his life. Because of his earlier work treating lepers, some believe that the wounds were actually symptoms of leprosy. Death and Legacy As Francis approached his death, many predicted that he was a saint in the making. When his health began to decline more rapidly, Francis went home. Knights were sent from Assisi to guard him and to make sure that no one from neighboring towns would carry him off (the body of a saint was viewed, at the time, as an extremely valuable relic that would bring, among many things, glory to the town where it rested. Francis of Assisi died on October 3, 1226, at the age of 44, in Assisi, Italy. Today, Francis has a lasting resonance with millions of followers across the globe. He was canonized as a saint just two years after his death, on July 16, 1228, by his former protector, Pope Gregory IX. Today, Saint Francis of Assisi is the patron saint for ecologists — a title honoring his boundless love for animals and nature. In 2013, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergogli chose to honor Saint Francis by taking his name, becoming Pope Francis.

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Saint francis college. Saint of the Day for March 9 (1384 – March 9, 1440) Saint Frances of Romes Story Frances life combines aspects of secular and religious life. A devoted and loving wife, she longed for a lifestyle of prayer and service, so she organized a group of women to minister to the needs of Romes poor. Born of wealthy parents, Frances found herself attracted to the religious life during her youth. But her parents objected and a young nobleman was selected to be her husband. As she became acquainted with her new relatives, Frances soon discovered that the wife of her husbands brother also wished to live a life of service and prayer. So the two, Frances and Vannozza, set out together—with their husbands blessings—to help the poor. Frances fell ill for a time, but this apparently only deepened her commitment to the suffering people she met. The years passed, and Frances gave birth to two sons and a daughter. With the new responsibilities of family life, the young mother turned her attention more to the needs of her own household. The family flourished under Frances care, but within a few years a great plague began to sweep across Italy. It struck Rome with devastating cruelty and left Frances second son dead. In an effort to help alleviate some of the suffering, Frances used all her money and sold her possessions to buy whatever the sick might possibly need. When all the resources had been exhausted, Frances and Vannozza went door to door begging. Later, Frances daughter died, and the saint opened a section of her house as a hospital. Frances became more and more convinced that this way of life was so necessary for the world, and it was not long before she requested and was given permission to found a society of women bound by no vows. They simply offered themselves to God and to the service of the poor. Once the society was established, Frances chose not to live at the community residence, but rather at home with her husband. She did this for seven years, until her husband passed away, and then came to live the remainder of her life with the society—serving the poorest of the poor. Reflection Looking at the exemplary life of fidelity to God and devotion to her fellow human beings which Frances of Rome was blessed to lead, one cannot help but be reminded of Saint Teresa of Calcutta, who loved Jesus Christ in prayer and also in the poor. The life of Frances of Rome calls each of us not only to look deeply for God in prayer, but also to carry our devotion to Jesus living in the suffering of our world. Frances shows us that this life need not be restricted to those bound by vows. Saint Frances of Rome is the Patron Saint of: Motorists Widows Click here for a celebration of 14 female saints! Subscribe.

YouTube. Where there is injury, pardon. Saint francis tulsa. Saint francis hospital roslyn new york. I would watch this, while I was high😎. Critics Consensus No consensus yet. 90% TOMATOMETER Total Count: 10 Coming soon Release date: Feb 28, 2020 Audience Score Ratings: Not yet available Saint Frances Ratings & Reviews Explanation Saint Frances Photos Movie Info Flailing thirty-four-year-old Bridget (Kelly O'Sullivan) finally catches a break when she meets a nice guy and lands a much-needed job nannying six-year-old Frances (played by a scene-stealing Ramona Edith-Williams. But an unwanted pregnancy introduces an unexpected complication. To make matters worse, she clashes with the obstinate Frances and struggles to navigate a growing tension between Frances's moms. Amidst her tempestuous personal relationships, a reluctant friendship with Frances emerges, and Bridget contends with the inevitable joys and shit-shows of becoming a part of someone else's family. Rating: NR Genre: Directed By: Written By: In Theaters: Feb 28, 2020 limited Runtime: 98 minutes Studio: Oscilloscope Laboratories Cast Critic Reviews for Saint Frances Audience Reviews for Saint Frances There are no featured reviews for Saint Frances because the movie has not released yet (Feb 28, 2020. See Movies in Theaters Saint Frances Quotes News & Features.

Wieder einmal ein Leben in der Schwebe, auf der Suche nach Bodenhaftung. Man hat solche in letzter Zeit oft im Kino gesehen, wohlmöglich ist das sogar die Grundform des Millennial-Films. Schier unendliche Möglichkeiten, die in ihrer Vielzahl überfordern, aber noch ungleich mehr ängstigen, wo sie verschwinden. Lebensentwürfe, die einander ausschließen, treffen auf eine halb gewollte, halb dem Zwang entspringende Flexibilität, die sich irgendwann verhärten muss. Geschichten von der Unentschlossenheit, die oft selbst unentschlossen wirken. Auch jetzt noch, wo viele Millennials nicht mehr jung sind. „Saint Frances “ von Alex Thompson ist ein Film über eine kaum merkliche Schwellenerfahrung, eine verspätete Coming-of-Age -Geschichte. Und einer über die indirekte Teilnahme an einem Leben, das bald vielleicht nicht mehr offensteht. Bridget (Kelly OSullivan) ist 34, und ihr Leben konfrontiert sie unentwegt mit der Tatsache, dass sie nichts von dem erreicht hat, was gesellschaftlich als Erfolg verstanden wird. Sie jobbt als Kellnerin und hat, zur großen Enttäuschung ihrer Mutter, noch keine Familie gegründet. Nachdem sie ungewollt schwanger wird, treibt sie ab – mit langanhaltenden emotionalen und physischen Folgen. Als ihr eines Tages ein Job als Kindermädchen der 6-jährigen Frances angeboten wird, nimmt sie sofort an, selbst wenn ihre erste Begegnung mit der Kleinen nicht unbedingt erfolgsversprechend verläuft. Das Kind und ihre Eltern Maya (Charin Alvarez) und Annie (Lily Mojekwu) werden bald wie eine Familie für sie. Doch auch in der vermeintlich harmonischen Ehe gibt es große Probleme. Kelly OSullivan spielt nicht nur die Hauptrolle, sondern hat auch das Drehbuch verfasst. Es ist ein melancholischer Ausdruck von Zeitgenossenschaft, immer hin- und hergerissen zwischen dem Versuch, das moderne Leben zu umarmen und fortzustoßen. Der Film verweist auf viele tagespolitische Diskussionen, ohne je ein großes Bedürfnis zu haben, tiefer darin einzusteigen. Sie dienen vor allem dazu, eine Zeit zu beschreiben und die Figuren in der Welt zu verorten. Auf dem Rasen von Frances‘ Familie – ein lesbisches Paar aus einer Afroamerikanerin und einer Latina mit zwei Kindern — steht ein „Black Lives Matter“-Schild. Und das Thema Abtreibung verliert unglücklicherweise nie seinen Status als Kontroverse. Saint Frances bemüht sich definitiv, vielfältige Lebensformen zu präsentieren, ohne sie je gegeneinander auszuspielen. Selbst die spießige Fremde, die in einer Szene Maya das Füttern ihres Säuglings in der Öffentlichkeit verbieten will, wird mit Empathie geschildert. Auch mit Bridgets Bekannten aus dem Literaturstudium, die sie als Haushälterin für eine Art erbärmliche Dienerin hält, hat man eher Mitleid. Saint Frances, also Franz von Assisi, orientierte sein Leben an Jesus, fragte also auch mit der Bergpredigt: Warum siehst du den Splitter im Auge deines Bruders, aber den Balken in deinem Auge bemerkst du nicht? Es ist kein gänzlich wertungsfreier, aber definitiv ein wertungsarmer Film. Daraus folgt auch, dass es kein sonderlich dramatischer ist, sondern eher einer, der die Tragik immer nur in der Bewertung von außen und innen findet. Wo jeder Pfad legitim ist, gibt es kein endgültiges Scheitern. Wenn Bridget leidet, dann unter ihrem Selbstwertgefühl, als Summe von Urteilen durch andere und sich selbst. Das macht aus Saint Frances keine übermäßig aufregende Erfahrung, die Fallhöhe ist gering. Stattdessen regiert eine Stimmung zwischen freundlichem Gleichmut und sanftem Klein-Klein. Der Film steuert nie allzu offensiv auf ein bestimmtes Ziel hin, sondern gefällt sich in der Darstellung langanhaltender Prozesse. Keine Umbrüche, sondern langsamer kontinuierlicher Wandel, Plot-Inkrementalismus. Montagen, meist zu zuckrigen Indie-Klängen, wechseln sich ab mit ausgedehnten Einzelmomenten von exemplarischem Charakter. In der Regel bringen neue Szenen und Figuren neue Angebote für Bridget. Dieser neue mögliche Partner, jene neue Lebensart. Ihre Identität ist so brüchig und unbestimmt wie ihre Biografie, ihr Beziehungs- und ihr Berufsleben. Verantwortung zu übernehmen fällt ihr schwer, das gibt sie auch selbst gerne zu. Sie mag und will keine Kinder, eigentlich, verhütet jedoch mit der eher fragwürdigen Methode „rechtzeitig herausrausziehen“. Sie liest mit 34 zum ersten Mal Harry Potter und sagt über sich selbst, sie wäre keine eindrucksvolle Person. Es macht durchaus Spaß dabei zuzusehen, wie sich ihre Beziehung zu der dickköpfigen Frances entwickelt. In der 6-Jährigen findet sie eine Aufgabe und eine Freundin, beide wachsen aneinander. Anfängliche Fremdheit und Distanz verschwinden, der Raum, den die Inszenierung zwischen ihnen lässt, schmilzt immer mehr zusammen. Bald trennt sie von der Rolle als Mutter fast nur noch die biologische Verwandtschaft. Andere Beziehungen sind komplizierter: Bridget steht zwischen zwei Männern, die für zwei sehr verschiedene Formen von Männlichkeit stehen. Der 8 Jahre jüngere Jace (Max Lipchitz) ist freundlich, verständnisvoll und emotional offen. In seiner Sehnsucht nach gewaltfreier Kommunikation ist er manchmal fast anstrengend. Am anderen Seite des Spektrums steht Frances‘ Gitarrenlehrer Isaac, ein viriler Macho, der trotzdem nicht einfach nur toxisch ist, sondern durch die Darbietung von Jim True-Frost einen menschlichen Kern erhält. Interessant ist, wie der Film diese beiden Beziehungen lange aufbaut, sie dann aber nie für essenziell erklärt, sondern als Nebenschauplätze enttarnt. Denn wenn sich wirklich etwas in Bridgets Leben verändert, dann ihr Selbstbild. Saint Frances verweist immer wieder auf gesellschaftliche Erwartungen und die Frage, wie man diese unterläuft oder sogar überwindet. Das drückt sich auch in O`Sullivans Spiel aus: Unsichere und verschämte Bewegungen weichen immer mehr eine selbstsicheren Haltung. Als Mittel gegen die manchmal schmerzliche Bewertung durch andere empfiehlt der Film vor allem ein Patentrezept: die Solidarität, vor allem unter Frauen. Die Akzeptanz eigener Unzulänglichkeiten, auch körperlicher: Perioden- und Verletzungsblut oder Inkontinenzurin fließen mehr als Trauertränen. In einer Szene nähern sich Bridget und Maya einander an — durch ihre Begeisterung für praktische Erwachsenenwindeln. Kurios, aber wohl eben auch auf eine existente Erfahrung bezogen. Eine Stärke des Films ist, dass er keinen Lebensentwurf als großen Seligmacher überhöht. Jede Haltung kommt mit ihren Sorgen und Problemen. Natürlich wünscht man sich manchmal einen klaren Pfad, eine Entscheidung, aber da gleicht sich der Film eben seiner Figur an. Der größte Kritiker von Saint Frances wäre also wohl Franz von Assisi selbst gewesen. Denn der erklärte: „Das größte Laster ist die Verzagtheit. “.

Saint frances vs riverdale. Saint francesca. Posted on Thursday, November 28th, 2019 by This review contains mild spoilers for Saint Frances. Thirty-four-year-old Bridget (Kelly OSullivan) is figuring it out as she goes. Shes single, stuck in a dead-end job, and not quite sure what she wants to do with her life. After listening to a creep at a party blather on about all the things hes achieved by the same age, Bridget decides to take life by the horns. But not before an awkward and incredibly relatable night with her now not-boyfriend, Jace (Max Lipchitz. A series of quick events will result in two facts in Bridgets life: shes facing an unwanted pregnancy because a lot of sex-ed still fails to teach us that pulling out isnt a viable method of birth control, and shes about to take a new job as a nanny for a lesbian couple. What unfolds throughout the rest of Saint Frances is an exploration in just how inherently lonely being a woman can be, and how using our words with one another can actively help combat that loneliness. Mentions of loneliness might make you suspect that the film has this sort of melancholic air to it, but nothing could be further from the truth. Saint Frances is actually quite funny. Some of the laughter is from discomfort or a sort of awkward relatability, but theres also just some genuinely good humor woven into difficult conversations like abortion, postpartum depression, and talking about our feelings. What takes the film to the next level is its ability to have those conversations without invalidating the experiences of any of the folks invoived. Bridget finds herself bound to two women who have made fundamentally different life choices than she has, but at no point does she question Maya (Charin Alvarez) and Annies (Lily Mojekwu) decision. She watches Maya slowly find herself eaten alive by her depression but never once challenges her choice to be a mother. She does, however, find herself living in terror that the women will judge her for her decision to have an abortion. Even if she does struggle with admitting that to herself. Theres an endless amount of heart from every character on screen, but perhaps none so much as the films title character; Frances (Ramona Edith Williams. Frances is a firecracker whose narrative purpose is to help Bridget grow, but she does so much more. Young Ramona will steal your heart the first moment you meet her, and youll realize far too late into the game that shes never giving it back. Saint Frances grabs women by the face and tells them in a fierce but supportive whisper that theyre not alone. It takes conversations that many girls never hear spoken out loud and literally screams them from the rooftops. Kelly OSullivans script tackles the painfully awkward and the deeply taboo with the amount of ease that helps you forget that youre talking about something that many folks would rarely whisper about. Its a bright light on how messy, complicated, and weird womanhood is. For that, it deserves all the attention in the world. /Film Rating: 9 out of 10 Cool Posts From Around the Web.

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Wendy (2019) Drama, Fantasy, 2019 (USA) Set on a mysterious island where aging and time have come unglued, Zeitlin's mythological story tells the tale of two children from different worlds fighting to maintain their grip on freedom and joy. 8 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Learn more More Like This Comedy, Drama 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7 / 10 X A wealthy Mexican family decides to build a wall around their ranch to stop townspeople from stealing their well water. Directors: Zachary Cotler, Magdalena Zyzak Stars: Jackson Rathbone, Esai Morales, Marisol Sacramento Romance 7. 2 / 10 She did everything right, until it all went wrong. Director: Josephine Mackerras Emilie Piponnier, Martin Swabey, Chloé Boreham Documentary 7. 1 / 10 In 1981, a new channel burst onto the rising spectrum of cable TV offerings. It became a touchstone for young people and a new format for musicians and filmmakers to show off their talents. Tyler Measom, Patrick Waldrop Tori Amos, Jack Antonoff, Jeff Ayeroff 6. 1 / 10 A single mom and part-time paranormal investigator is asked to look into a possible "haunting" at a widower's farmhouse in East Tennessee. Paul Harrill Marin Ireland, Jim Gaffigan, Josh Wiggins 6. 5 / 10 A small town's reaction to scandal. Bob Byington Kaley Wheless, Nick Offerman, Martin Starr Mystery 4. 7 / 10 A New York social worker finds herself embroiled in the kidnapping of a Washington DC socialite. Michael Kerry Matthews, Thomas Matthews Kate Lyn Sheil, Thomas Matthews, Keith Poulson 6. 9 / 10 Under small town scrutiny, a withdrawn farmer's daughter forges an intimate friendship with a worldly but reckless new girl in 1960s Oklahoma. Martha Stephens Malin Akerman, Lucas Jade Zumann, Shea Whigham 7. 6 / 10 On the last night of her college freshman year, Izzy tries to lose her virginity with the help of her two best friends- but their only hope is getting into an exclusive, invite-only "Crush Party. " Emily Cohn Isabelle Barbier, Shelby Brunn, Daniel Cramer When an acclaimed music producer goes off his medication for schizophrenia, his friends chase him though the LA music scene to help commit him to a psychiatric hospital, revealing the troubling inadequacies of our mental health care system. Katharine O'Brien Alexandra Daddario, Juno Temple, Simon Pegg Certificate: 16+ 5. 8 / 10 Two young lovers embark on a relationship while a rumor of sharks at the beach has everyone talking. Lucía Garibaldi Romina Bentancur, Federico Morosini, Fabián Arenillas In a remote Icelandic town, an off duty police chief begins to suspect a local man for having had an affair with his wife, who recently died in a car accident. Gradually his obsession for. See full summary  » Hlynur Palmason Ingvar Sigurdsson, Ída Mekkín Hlynsdóttir, Hilmir Snær Guðnason 2. 8 / 10 Awkward teen Adam spends his last high school summer with his big sister, who throws herself into NYC's lesbian and trans activist scene. In this coming-of-age comedy, Adam and those around him encounter love, friendship and hard truths. Rhys Ernst Nicholas Alexander, Bobbi Salvör Menuez, Margaret Qualley Edit Storyline After an accidental pregnancy turned abortion, a deadbeat nanny finds an unlikely friendship with the six-year old she's charged with protecting. Plot Summary Add Synopsis Details Release Date: 28 February 2020 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Saint Frances Company Credits Technical Specs See full technical specs  » Did You Know? Trivia [ All trivia items for this title are spoilers. ] See more ».

Saint francis medical center. Saint francese. Saint frances cabrini littleton. Saint francesco. Frances was born in the city of Rome in 1384 to a wealthy, noble family. From her mother she inherited a quiet manner and a pious devotion to God. From her father, however, she inherited a strong will. She decided at eleven that she knew what God wanted for her. she was going to be a nun. And that's where her will ran right up against her father's. He told Frances she was far too young to know her mind. but not too young to be married. He had already promised her in marriage to the son of another wealthy family. In Rome at that time a father's word was law; a father could even sell his children into slavery or order them killed. Frances probably felt that's what he was doing by forcing her to marry. But just as he wouldn't listen to her, Frances wouldn't listen to him. She stubbornly prayed to God to prevent the marriage until her confessor pointed out, Are you crying because you want to do God's will or because you want God to do your will? She gave in to the marriage. reluctantly. It was difficult for people to understand her objection. Her future husband Lorenzo Ponziani was noble, wealthy, a good person and he really cared for her. An ideal match. except for someone who was determined to be a bride of Christ. Then her nightmare began. This quiet, shy thirteen year old was thrust into the whirl of parties and banquets that accompanied a wedding. Her mother-in-law Cecilia loved to entertain and expected her new daughter-in-law to enjoy the revelry of her social life too. Fasting and scourging were far easier than this torture God now asked her to face. Frances collapsed from the strain. For months she lay close to death, unable to eat or move or speak. At her worst, she had a vision of St. Alexis. The son of a noble family, Alexis had run away to beg rather than marry. After years of begging he was so unrecognizable that when he returned home his own father thought he was just another beggar and made him sleep under the stairs. In her own way, Frances must have felt unrecognized by her family. they couldn't see how she wanted to give up everything for Jesus. St. Alexis told her God was giving her an important choice: Did she want to recover or not? It's hard for us to understand why a thirteen-year-old would want to die but Frances was miserable. Finally, she whispered, God's will is mine. The hardest words she could have said. but the right words to set her on the road to sanctity. St. Alexis replied, Then you will live to glorify His Name. Her recovery was immediate and complete. Lorenzo became even more devoted to her after this. he was even a little in awe of her because of what she'd been through. But her problems did not disappear. Her mother-in-law still expected her to entertain and go on visits with her. Look at Frances' sister-in-law Vannozza - happily going through the rounds of parties, dressing up, playing cards. Why couldn't Frances be more like Vannozza? In a house where she lived with her husband, his parents, his brother and his brother's family, she felt all alone. And that's why Vannozza found her crying bitterly in the garden one day. When Frances poured out her heart to Vannozza and it turned out that this sister-in-law had wanted to live a life devoted to the Lord too. What Frances had written off as frivolity was just Vannozza's natural easy-going and joyful manner. They became close friends and worked out a program of devout practices and services to work together. They decided their obligations to their family came first. For Frances that meant dressing up to her rank, making visits and receiving visits. and most importantly doing it gladly. But the two spiritual friends went to mass together, visited prisons, served in hospitals and set up a secret chapel in an abandoned tower of their palace where they prayed together. But it wasn't fashionable for noblewomen to help the poor and people gossiped about two girls out alone on the streets. Cecilia suffered under the laughter of her friends and yelled at her daughters-in-law to stop theirs spiritual practices. When that didn't work Cecilia then appealed to her sons, but Lorenzo refused to interfere with Frances' charity. The beginning of the fifteenth century brought the birth of her first son, Battista, after John the Baptist. We might expect that the grief of losing her mother-in-law soon after might have been mixed with relief. no more pressure to live in society. But a household as large as the Ponziani's needed someone to run it. Everyone thought that sixteen-year-old Frances was best qualified to take her mother-in-law's place. She was thrust even more deeply into society and worldly duties. Her family was right, though. she was an excellent administrator and a fair and pleasant employer. After two more children were born to her. a boy, Giovanni Evangelista, and a girl, Agnes. a flood brought disease and famine to Rome. Frances gave orders that no one asking for alms would be turned away and she and Vannozza went out to the poor with corn, wine, oil and clothing. Her father-in-law, furious that she was giving away their supplies during a famine, took the keys of the granary and wine cellar away from her. Then just to make sure she wouldn't have a chance to give away more, he sold off their extra corn, leaving just enough for the family, and all but one cask of one. The two noblewomen went out to the streets to beg instead. Finally Frances was so desperate for food to give to the poor she went to the now empty corn loft and sifted through the straw searching for a few leftover kernels of corn. After she left Lorenzo came in and was stunned to find the previously empty granary filled with yellow corn. Frances drew wine out of their one cask until one day her father in law went down and found it empty. Everyone screamed at Frances. After saying a prayer, she led them to cellar, turned the spigot on the empty cask, and out flowed the most wonderful wine. These incidents completely converted Lorenzo and her father-in-law. Having her husband and father-in-law completely on her side meant she could do what she always wanted. She immediately sold her jewels and clothes and distributed money to needy. She started wearing a dress of coarse green cloth. Civil war came to Rome. this was a time of popes and antipopes and Rome became a battleground. At one point there were three men claiming to be pope. One of them sent a cruel governor, Count Troja, to conquer Rome. Lorenzo was seriously wounded and his brother was arrested. Troja sent word that Lorenzo's brother would be executed unless he had Battista, Frances's son and heir of the family, as a hostage. As long as Troja had Battista he knew the Ponzianis would stop fighting. When Frances heard this she grabbed Battista by the hand and fled. On the street, she ran into her spiritual adviser Don Andrew who told her she was choosing the wrong way and ordered her to trust God. Slowly she turned around and made her way to Capitol Hill where Count Troja was waiting. As she and Battista walked the streets, crowds of people tried to block her way or grab Battista from her to save him. After giving him up, Frances ran to a church to weep and pray. As soon as she left, Troja had put Battista on a soldier's horse. but every horse they tried refused to move. Finally the governor gave in to God's wishes. Frances was still kneeling before the altar when she felt Battista's little arms around her. But the troubles were not over. Frances was left alone against the attackers when she sent Lorenzo out of Rome to avoid capture. Drunken invaders broke into her house, tortured and killed the servants, demolished the palace, literally tore it apart and smashed everything. And this time God did not intervene. Battista was taken to Naples. Yet this kidnapping probably saved Battista's life because soon a plague hit. a plague that took the lives of many including Frances' nine-year-old son Evangelista. At this point, her house in ruins, her husband gone, one son dead, one son a hostage, she could have given up. She looked around, cleared out the wreckage of the house and turned it into a makeshift hospital and a shelter for the homeless. One year after his death Evangelista came to her in a vision and told her that Agnes was going to die too. In return God was granting her a special grace by sending an archangel to be her guardian angel for the rest of her life. She would always been able to see him. A constant companion and spiritual adviser, he once commanded her to stop her severe penances (eating only bread and water and wearing a hair shirt. You should understand by now. the angel told her, that the God who made your body and gave it to your soul as a servant never intended that the spirit should ruin the flesh and return it to him despoiled. " Finally the wars were over and Battista and her husband returned home. But though her son came back a charming young man her husband returned broken in mind and body. Probably the hardest work of healing Frances had to do in her life was to restore Lorenzo back to his old self. When Battista married a pretty young woman named Mabilia Frances expected to find someone to share in the management of the household. But Mabilia wanted none of it. She was as opposite of Frances and Frances had been of her mother-in- law. Mabilia wanted to party and ridiculed Frances in public for her shabby green dress, her habits, and her standards. One day in the middle of yelling at her, Mabilia suddenly turned pale and fainted, crying, Oh my pride, my dreadful pride. Frances nursed her back to health and healed their differences as well. A converted Mabilia did her best to imitate Frances after that. With Lorenzo's support and respect, Frances started a lay order of women attached to the Benedictines called the Oblates of Mary. The women lived in the world but pledged to offer themselves to God and serve the poor. Eventually they bought a house where the widowed members could live in community. Frances nursed Lorenzo until he died. His last words to her were, I feel as if my whole life has been one beautiful dream of purest happiness. God has given me so much in your love. After his death, Frances moved into the house with the other Oblates and was made superior. At 52 she had the life she dreamed of when she was eleven. She had been right in discerning her original vocation. she just had the timing wrong. God had had other plans for her in between. Frances died four years later. Her last words were "The angel has finished his task. he beckons me to follow him. " In Her Footsteps: Do you have a spiritual friend who helps you on your journey, someone to pray with and serve with? If you don't have one now, ask God to send you such a companion. Then look around you. This friend, like Frances' Vannozza, may be near you already. Try sharing some of your spiritual hopes and desires with those closest to you. You may be surprised at their reaction. (But don't force your opinions on others or get discouraged by lack of interest. Just keep asking God to lead you. ) Prayer: Saint Frances of Rome, help us to see the difference between what we want to do and what God wants us to do. Help us to discern what comes from our will and what comes from God's desire. Amen.

Saint frances de chantal wantagh. St frances cabrini school. Saint francis prep. Saint frances cabrini parish. Hey, how're you doing?😂. 1:31 Be honest, this made you cry. Saint frances animal center. Saint Francis of Assisi O. F. M. Founder of the Franciscan Order The oldest surviving depiction of Saint Francis is a fresco near the entrance of the Benedictine abbey of Subiaco, painted between March 1228 and March 1229. He is depicted without the stigmata, but the image is a religious image and not a portrait. [1] Religious, Deacon, Confessor Stigmatist and Religious Founder Born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone 1181 or 1182 Assisi, Duchy of Spoleto, Holy Roman Empire Died 3 October 1226 (aged 44 years) 2] Assisi, Umbria, Papal States [3] Venerated in Catholic Church Anglican Communion [4] Lutheranism [5] Old Catholic Church Canonized 16 July 1228, Assisi, Papal States by Pope Gregory IX Major shrine Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi Feast 4 October Patronage Stowaways [6] Italy [7] Ecology [7] Animals [8] 9] Saint Francis of Assisi ( Italian: San Francesco d'Assisi, Latin: Sanctus Franciscus Assisiensis) born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, informally named as Francesco (1181/1182 – 3 October 1226. 2] was an Italian Catholic friar, deacon and preacher. He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the women's Order of Saint Clare, the Third Order of Saint Francis and the Custody of the Holy Land. Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in Christianity. [3] Pope Gregory IX canonized Francis on 16 July 1228. Along with Saint Catherine of Siena, he was designated Patron saint of Italy. He later became associated with patronage of animals and the natural environment, and it became customary for churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals on or near his feast day of 4 October. In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the Sultan to put an end to the conflict of the Crusades. [10] By this point, the Franciscan Order had grown to such an extent that its primitive organizational structure was no longer sufficient. He returned to Italy to organize the Order. Once his community was authorized by the Pope, he withdrew increasingly from external affairs. Francis is also known for his love of the Eucharist. [11] In 1223, Francis arranged for the first Christmas live nativity scene. [12] 13] 2] According to Christian tradition, in 1224 he received the stigmata during the apparition of Seraphic angels in a religious ecstasy, 14] which would make him the second person in Christian tradition after St. Paul (Galatians 6:17) to bear the wounds of Christ's Passion. [15] He died during the evening hours of 3 October 1226, while listening to a reading he had requested of Psalm 142 (141. Biography [ edit] Early life [ edit] Francis of Assisi was born in late 1181 or early 1182, one of several children of an Italian father, Pietro di Bernardone dei Moriconi, a prosperous silk merchant, and a French mother, Pica de Bourlemont, about whom little is known except that she was a noblewoman originally from Provence. [16] Pietro was in France on business when Francis was born in Assisi, and Pica had him baptized as Giovanni. [17] Upon his return to Assisi, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco ( the Frenchman. possibly in honor of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French. [18] Since the child was renamed in infancy, the change can hardly have had anything to do with his aptitude for learning French, as some have thought. [2] The house where Francis of Assisi lived when young Indulged by his parents, Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man. [14] As a youth, Francesco became a devotee of troubadours and was fascinated with all things Transalpine. [18] He was handsome, witty, gallant, and delighted in fine clothes. He spent money lavishly. [2] Although many hagiographers remark about his bright clothing, rich friends, and love of pleasures, 16] his displays of disillusionment toward the world that surrounded him came fairly early in his life, as is shown in the "story of the beggar. In this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar came to him and asked for alms. At the conclusion of his business deal, Francis abandoned his wares and ran after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the man everything he had in his pockets. His friends quickly chided and mocked him for his act of charity. When he got home, his father scolded him in rage. [19] Around 1202, he joined a military expedition against Perugia and was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada, spending a year as a captive. [20] An illness caused him to re-evaluate his life. It is possible that his spiritual conversion was a gradual process rooted in this experience. Upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life. In 1205, Francis left for Apulia to enlist in the army of Walter III, Count of Brienne. A strange vision made him return to Assisi, having lost his taste for the worldly life. [14] According to hagiographic accounts, thereafter he began to avoid the sports and the feasts of his former companions. In response, they asked him laughingly whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered, Yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen" meaning his "Lady Poverty. 2] Saint Francis Abandons His Father. Francis of Assisi breaking off his relationship with his father and renouncing his patrimony, laying aside publicly even the garments he had received from him. On a pilgrimage to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at St. Peter's Basilica. [14] He spent some time in lonely places, asking God for spiritual enlightenment. He said he had a mystical vision of Jesus Christ in the forsaken country chapel of San Damiano, just outside Assisi, in which the Icon of Christ Crucified said to him, Francis, Francis, go and repair My house which, as you can see, is falling into ruins. He took this to mean the ruined church in which he was presently praying, and so he sold some cloth from his father's store to assist the priest there for this purpose. [21] When the priest refused to accept the ill-gotten gains, an indignant Francis threw the coins on the floor. [2] In order to avoid his father's wrath, Francis hid in a cave near San Damiano for about a month. When he returned to town, hungry and dirty, he was dragged home by his father, beaten, bound, and locked in a small storeroom. Freed by his mother during Bernardone's absence, Francis returned at once to San Damiano, where he found shelter with the officiating priest, but he was soon cited before the city consuls by his father. The latter, not content with having recovered the scattered gold from San Damiano, sought also to force his son to forego his inheritance by way of restitution. In the midst of legal proceedings before the Bishop of Assisi, Francis renounced his father and his patrimony. [2] Some accounts report that he stripped himself naked in token of this renunciation, and the Bishop covered him with his own cloak. [22] 23] For the next couple of months, Francis wandered as a beggar in the hills behind Assisi. He spent some time at a neighbouring monastery working as a scullion. He then went to Gubbio, where a friend gave him, as an alms, the cloak, girdle, and staff of a pilgrim. Returning to Assisi, he traversed the city begging stones for the restoration of St. Damiano's. These he carried to the old chapel, set in place himself, and so at length rebuilt it. Over the course of two years, he embraced the life of a penitent, during which he restored several ruined chapels in the countryside around Assisi, among them San Pietro in Spina (in the area of San Petrignano in the valley about a kilometer from Rivotorto, today on private property and once again in ruin) and the Porziuncola, the little chapel of St. Mary of the Angels in the plain just below the town. [2] This later became his favorite abode. [21] By degrees he took to nursing lepers, in the lazar houses near Assisi. Founding of the Franciscan Orders [ edit] The Friars Minor [ edit] One morning in February 1208, Francis was hearing Mass in the chapel of St. Mary of the Angels, near which he had then built himself a hut. The Gospel of the day was the "Commissioning of the Twelve" from the Book of Matthew. The disciples are to go and proclaim that the Kingdom of God is at hand. Francis was inspired to devote himself to a life of poverty. Having obtained a coarse woolen tunic, the dress then worn by the poorest Umbrian peasants, he tied it around him with a knotted rope and went forth at once exhorting the people of the country-side to penance, brotherly love, and peace. Francis' preaching to ordinary people was unusual since he had no license to do so. [3] His example drew others to him. Within a year Francis had eleven followers. The brothers lived a simple life in the deserted lazar house of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of their time wandering through the mountainous districts of Umbria, making a deep impression upon their hearers by their earnest exhortations. [2] In 1209 he composed a simple rule for his followers ( friars. the Regula primitiva or "Primitive Rule" which came from verses in the Bible. The rule was "To follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps. He then led his first eleven followers to Rome to seek permission from Pope Innocent III to found a new religious Order. [24] Upon entry to Rome, the brothers encountered Bishop Guido of Assisi, who had in his company Giovanni di San Paolo, the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope. Reluctantly, Pope Innocent agreed to meet with Francis and the brothers the next day. After several days, the pope agreed to admit the group informally, adding that when God increased the group in grace and number, they could return for an official admittance. The group was tonsured. [25] This was important in part because it recognized Church authority and prevented his following from possible accusations of heresy, as had happened to the Waldensians decades earlier. Though a number of the Pope's counselors considered the mode of life proposed by Francis as unsafe and impractical, following a dream in which he saw Francis holding up the Basilica of St. John Lateran (the cathedral of Rome, thus the 'home church' of all Christendom) he decided to endorse Francis' Order. This occurred, according to tradition, on 16 April 1210, and constituted the official founding of the Franciscan Order. [3] The group, then the "Lesser Brothers. Order of Friars Minor also known as the Franciscan Order or the Seraphic Order) were centered in the Porziuncola and preached first in Umbria, before expanding throughout Italy. [3] Francis chose never to be ordained a priest, although he was later ordained a deacon. [2] The Poor Clares and the Third Order [ edit] St. Clare is received by St. Francis, Josep Benlliure From then on, the new Order grew quickly with new vocations. Hearing Francis preaching in the church of San Rufino in Assisi in 1211, the young noblewoman Clare of Assisi became deeply touched by his message and realized her calling. Her cousin Rufino, the only male member of the family in their generation, was also attracted to the new Order, which he joined. On the night of Palm Sunday, 28 March 1212, Clare clandestinely left her family's palace. Francis received her at the Porziuncola and thereby established the Order of Poor Ladies. [26] This was an Order for women, and he gave Clare a religious habit, or garment, similar to his own, before lodging her in a nearby monastery of Benedictine nuns until he could provide a suitable retreat for her, and for her younger sister, Caterina, and the other young women who had joined her. Later he transferred them to San Damiano, 3] to a few small huts or cells of wattle, straw, and mud, and enclosed by a hedge. This became the first monastery of the Second Franciscan Order, now known as Poor Clares. [2] For those who could not leave their homes, he later formed the Third Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance, a fraternity composed of either laity or clergy whose members neither withdrew from the world nor took religious vows. Instead, they observed the principles of Franciscan life in their daily lives. [3] Before long, this Third Order grew beyond Italy. The Third Order is now titled the Secular Franciscan Order. Travels [ edit] Determined to bring the Gospel to all peoples of the World and convert them, after the example of the first disciples of Jesus, Francis sought on several occasions to take his message out of Italy. In the late spring of 1212, he set out for Jerusalem, but was shipwrecked by a storm on the Dalmatian coast, forcing him to return to Italy. On 8 May 1213, he was given the use of the mountain of La Verna (Alverna) as a gift from Count Orlando di Chiusi, who described it as “eminently suitable for whoever wishes to do penance in a place remote from mankind”. [27] The mountain would become one of his favourite retreats for prayer. [28] In the same year, Francis sailed for Morocco, but this time an illness forced him to break off his journey in Spain. Back in Assisi, several noblemen (among them Tommaso da Celano, who would later write the biography of St. Francis) and some well-educated men joined his Order. In 1215, Francis may have gone to Rome for the Fourth Lateran Council, but that is not certain. During this time, he probably met a canon, Dominic de Guzman [6] later to be Saint Dominic, the founder of the Friars Preachers, another Catholic religious order. In 1217, he offered to go to France. Cardinal Ugolino of Segni (the future Pope Gregory IX) an early and important supporter of Francis, advised him against this and said that he was still needed in Italy. In 1219, accompanied by another friar and hoping to convert the Sultan of Egypt or win martyrdom in the attempt, Francis went to Egypt during the Fifth Crusade where a Crusader army had been encamped for over a year besieging the walled city of Damietta two miles (3. 2 kilometres) upstream from the mouth of one of the main channels of the Nile. The Sultan, al-Kamil, a nephew of Saladin, had succeeded his father as Sultan of Egypt in 1218 and was encamped upstream of Damietta, unable to relieve it. A bloody and futile attack on the city was launched by the Christians on 29 August 1219, following which both sides agreed to a ceasefire which lasted four weeks. [29] It was most probably during this interlude that Francis and his companion crossed the Muslims' lines and were brought before the Sultan, remaining in his camp for a few days. [30] The visit is reported in contemporary Crusader sources and in the earliest biographies of Francis, but they give no information about what transpired during the encounter beyond noting that the Sultan received Francis graciously and that Francis preached to the Muslims without effect, returning unharmed to the Crusader camp. [31] No contemporary Arab source mentions the visit. [32] One detail, added by Bonaventure in the official life of Francis (written forty years after the event) has Francis offering to challenge the Sultan's "priests" to trial-by-fire in order to prove the veracity of the Christian Gospel. Such an incident is alluded to in a scene in the late 13th-century fresco cycle, attributed to Giotto, in the upper basilica at Assisi. [33] It has been suggested that the winged figures atop the columns piercing the roof of the building on the left of the scene are not idols (as Erwin Panofsky had proposed) but are part of the secular iconography of the sultan, affirming his worldly power which, as the scene demonstrates, is limited even as regards his own "priests" who shun the challenge. [34] 35] Although Bonaventure asserts that the sultan refused to permit the challenge, subsequent biographies went further, claiming that a fire was actually kindled which Francis unhesitatingly entered without suffering burns. The scene in the fresco adopts a position midway between the two extremes. Since the idea was put forward by the German art historian, Friedrich Rintelen in 1912, 36] many scholars have expressed doubt that Giotto was the author of the Upper Church frescoes. According to some late sources, the Sultan gave Francis permission to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land and even to preach there. All that can safely be asserted is that Francis and his companion left the Crusader camp for Acre, from where they embarked for Italy in the latter half of 1220. Drawing on a 1267 sermon by Bonaventure, later sources report that the Sultan secretly converted or accepted a death-bed baptism as a result of the encounter with Francis. [37] The Franciscan Order has been present in the Holy Land almost uninterruptedly since 1217 when Brother Elias arrived at Acre. It received concessions from the Mameluke Sultan in 1333 with regard to certain Holy Places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, and (so far as concerns the Catholic Church) jurisdictional privileges from Pope Clement VI in 1342. [38] Reorganization of the Franciscan Order [ edit] By this time, the growing Order of friars was divided into provinces and groups were sent to France, Germany, Hungary, and Spain and to the East. Upon receiving a report of the martyrdom of five brothers in Morocco, Francis returned to Italy via Venice. [39] Cardinal Ugolino di Conti was then nominated by the Pope as the protector of the Order. Another reason for Francis' return to Italy was that the Franciscan Order had grown at an unprecedented rate compared to previous religious orders, but its organizational sophistication had not kept up with this growth and had little more to govern it than Francis' example and simple rule. To address this problem, Francis prepared a new and more detailed Rule, the "First Rule" or "Rule Without a Papal Bull. Regula prima, Regula non bullata) which again asserted devotion to poverty and the apostolic life. However, it also introduced greater institutional structure, though this was never officially endorsed by the pope. [3] On 29 September 1220, Francis handed over the governance of the Order to Brother Peter Catani at the Porziuncola, but Brother Peter died only five months later, on 10 March 1221, and was buried there. When numerous miracles were attributed to the deceased brother, people started to flock to the Porziuncola, disturbing the daily life of the Franciscans. Francis then prayed, asking Peter to stop the miracles and to obey in death as he had obeyed during his life. The reports of miracles ceased. Brother Peter was succeeded by Brother Elias as Vicar of Francis. Two years later, Francis modified the "First Rule" creating the "Second Rule" or "Rule With a Bull" which was approved by Pope Honorius III on 29 November 1223. As the official Rule of the Order, it called on the friars "to observe the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, living in obedience without anything of our own and in chastity. In addition, it set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entry into the Order. Once the Rule was endorsed by the Pope, Francis withdrew increasingly from external affairs. [3] During 1221 and 1222, Francis crossed Italy, first as far south as Catania in Sicily and afterwards as far north as Bologna. Stigmata, final days, and Sainthood [ edit] While he was praying on the mountain of Verna, during a forty-day fast in preparation for Michaelmas (29 September) Francis is said to have had a vision on or about 14 September 1224, the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, as a result of which he received the stigmata. Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and simple account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata. "Suddenly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel on a cross. This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds of Christ. 42] Suffering from these stigmata and from trachoma, Francis received care in several cities ( Siena, Cortona, Nocera) to no avail. In the end, he was brought back to a hut next to the Porziuncola. Here, in the place where the Franciscan movement began, and feeling that the end of his life was approaching, he spent his last days dictating his spiritual testament. He died on the evening of Saturday, 3 October 1226, singing Psalm 142 (141. Voce mea ad Dominum. On 16 July 1228, he was pronounced a saint by Pope Gregory IX (the former cardinal Ugolino di Conti, friend of Saint Francis and Cardinal Protector of the Order. The next day, the Pope laid the foundation stone for the Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. Francis was buried on 25 May 1230, under the Lower Basilica, but his tomb was soon hidden on orders of Brother Elias to protect it from Saracen invaders. His exact burial place remained unknown until it was re-discovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed for the remains a crypt in neo-classical style in the Lower Basilica. It was refashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form by Ugo Tarchi, stripping the wall of its marble decorations. In 1978, the remains of Saint Francis were examined and confirmed by a commission of scholars appointed by Pope Paul VI, and put into a glass urn in the ancient stone tomb. Character and legacy [ edit] Francis set out to imitate Christ and literally carry out his work. This is important in understanding Francis' character, his affinity for the Eucharist and respect for the priests who carried out the sacrament. [3] He preached: Your God is of your flesh, He lives in your nearest neighbor, in every man. 43] He and his followers celebrated and even venerated poverty, which was so central to his character that in his last written work, the Testament, he said that absolute personal and corporate poverty was the essential lifestyle for the members of his order. [3] He believed that nature itself was the mirror of God. He called all creatures his "brothers" and "sisters" and even preached to the birds [44] 45] and supposedly persuaded a wolf in Gubbio to stop attacking some locals if they agreed to feed the wolf. In his Canticle of the Creatures ( Praises of Creatures" or " Canticle of the Sun. he mentioned the "Brother Sun" and "Sister Moon" the wind and water. His deep sense of brotherhood under God embraced others, and he declared that "he considered himself no friend of Christ if he did not cherish those for whom Christ died. 3] Francis' visit to Egypt and attempted rapprochement with the Muslim world had far-reaching consequences, long past his own death, since after the fall of the Crusader Kingdom, it would be the Franciscans, of all Catholics, who would be allowed to stay on in the Holy Land and be recognized as " Custodians of the Holy Land " on behalf of the Catholic Church. At Greccio near Assisi, around 1220, Francis celebrated Christmas by setting up the first known presepio or crèche ( Nativity scene. 46] His nativity imagery reflected the scene in traditional paintings. He used real animals to create a living scene so that the worshipers could contemplate the birth of the child Jesus in a direct way, making use of the senses, especially sight. [46] Both Thomas of Celano and Saint Bonaventure, biographers of Saint Francis, tell how he used only a straw-filled manger (feeding trough) set between a real ox and donkey. [46] According to Thomas, it was beautiful in its simplicity, with the manger acting as the altar for the Christmas Mass. Nature and the environment [ edit] Francis preached the Christian doctrine that the world was created good and beautiful by God but suffers a need for redemption because of human sin. He believed that all creatures should praise God (a common theme in the Psalms) and the people have a duty to protect and enjoy nature as both the stewards of God's creation and as creatures ourselves. [44] Many of the stories that surround the life of Saint Francis say that he had a great love for animals and the environment. [44] A garden statue of Francis of Assisi with birds An incident illustrating the Saint's humility towards nature is recounted in the "Fioretti. Little Flowers. a collection of legends and folklore that sprang up after the Saint's death. One day, while Francis was traveling with some companions, they happened upon a place in the road where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told his companions to "wait for me while I go to preach to my sisters the birds. 44] The birds surrounded him, intrigued by the power of his voice, and not one of them flew away. He is often portrayed with a bird, typically in his hand. Another legend from the Fioretti tells that in the city of Gubbio, where Francis lived for some time, was a wolf "terrifying and ferocious, who devoured men as well as animals. Francis had compassion upon the townsfolk, and so he went up into the hills to find the wolf. Soon, fear of the animal had caused all his companions to flee, though the saint pressed on. When he found the wolf, he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf to come to him and hurt no one. Miraculously the wolf closed his jaws and lay down at Francis' feet. "Brother Wolf, you do much harm in these parts and you have done great evil" said Francis. "All these people accuse you and curse you. But brother wolf, I would like to make peace between you and the people. Then Francis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Because the wolf had “done evil out of hunger, the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly. In return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this manner Gubbio was freed from the menace of the predator. Francis even made a pact on behalf of the town dogs, that they would not bother the wolf again. Finally, to show the townspeople that they would not be harmed, Francis blessed the wolf. Three-quarters of a millennium after his death, St Francis remains an important figure and symbol in and out of Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches. On 29 November 1979, Pope John Paul II declared Saint Francis the Patron Saint of Ecology. [47] During the World Environment Day 1982, John Paul II said that Saint Francis' love and care for creation was a challenge for contemporary Catholics and a reminder "not to behave like dissident predators where nature is concerned, but to assume responsibility for it, taking all care so that everything stays healthy and integrated, so as to offer a welcoming and friendly environment even to those who succeed us. The same Pope wrote on the occasion of the World Day of Peace, 1 January 1990, the saint of Assisi "offers Christians an example of genuine and deep respect for the integrity of creation. He went on to make the point that: As a friend of the poor who was loved by God's creatures, Saint Francis invited all of creation – animals, plants, natural forces, even Brother Sun and Sister Moon – to give honor and praise to the Lord. The poor man of Assisi gives us striking witness that when we are at peace with God we are better able to devote ourselves to building up that peace with all creation which is inseparable from peace among all peoples. 48] Pope John Paul II concluded that section of the document with these words, It is my hope that the inspiration of Saint Francis will help us to keep ever alive a sense of 'fraternity' with all those good and beautiful things which Almighty God has created. " Feast day [ edit] Francis' last resting place at Assisi A relic of Francis of Assisi Saint Francis' feast day is observed on 4 October. A secondary feast in honor of the stigmata received by Saint Francis, celebrated on 17 September, was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1585 (later than the Tridentine Calendar) and suppressed in 1604, but was restored in 1615. In the New Roman Missal of 1969, it was removed again from the General Calendar, as something of a duplication of the main feast on 4 October, and left to the calendars of certain localities and of the Franciscan Order. [49] Wherever the traditional Roman Missal is used, however, the feast of the Stigmata remains in the General Calendar. On 18 June 1939, Pope Pius XII named Francis a joint Patron Saint of Italy along with Saint Catherine of Siena with the apostolic letter "Licet Commissa. 50] Pope Pius also mentioned the two saints in the laudative discourse he pronounced on 5 May 1949, in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Saint Francis is honored in the Church of England, the Anglican Church of Canada, the Episcopal Church USA, the Old Catholic Churches, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and other churches and religious communities on 4 October. Papal name [ edit] On 13 March 2013, upon his election as Pope, Archbishop and Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina chose Francis as his papal name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi, becoming Pope Francis. [51] At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Pope Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor. [52] 53] 54] He explained that, as it was becoming clear during the conclave voting that he would be elected the new bishop of Rome, the Brazilian Cardinal Cláudio Hummes had embraced him and whispered, Don't forget the poor" which had made Bergoglio think of the saint. [55] 56] Bergoglio had previously expressed his admiration for St. Francis, explaining that “He brought to Christianity an idea of poverty against the luxury, pride, vanity of the civil and ecclesiastical powers of the time. He changed history. 57] Bergoglio's selection of his papal name is the first time that a pope has been named Francis. [a] Patronage [ edit] St. Francis is the patron of animals, merchants, and ecology. [9] He is also considered the patron saint against dying alone; patron saint against fire; patron saint of the Franciscan Order and Catholic Action; patron saint of families, peace, and needle workers. He is the patron saint of many dioceses and other locations around the world, including: Italy; San Pawl il-Bahar, Malta; Freising, Germany; Lancaster, England; Kottapuram, India; San Francisco de Malabon, Philippines (General Trias City) San Francisco, California; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Colorado; Salina, Kansas; Metuchen, New Jersey; and Quibdó, Colombia. [59. unreliable source] Outside Catholicism [ edit] Protestantism [ edit] Emerging since the 19th century, there are several Protestant adherents and groups, sometimes organised as religious orders, which strive to adhere to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of Saint Francis. The 20th century High Church Movement gave birth to Franciscan inspired orders among revival of religious orders in Protestant Christianity. One of the results of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church during the 19th century was the re-establishment of religious orders, including some of Franciscan inspiration. The principal Anglican communities in the Franciscan tradition are the Community of St. Francis (women, founded 1905) the Poor Clares of Reparation (P. C. R. the Society of Saint Francis (men, founded 1934) and the Community of St. Clare (women, enclosed. A U. S. -founded order within the Anglican world communion is the Seattle-founded order of Clares in Seattle (Diocese of Olympia) The Little Sisters of St. Clare. [60] There are also some small Franciscan communities within European Protestantism and the Old Catholic Church. [61] There are some Franciscan orders in Lutheran Churches, including the Order of Lutheran Franciscans, the Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary, and the Evangelische Kanaan Franziskus-Bruderschaft (Kanaan Franciscan Brothers. In addition, there are associations of Franciscan inspiration not connected with a mainstream Christian tradition and describing themselves as ecumenical or dispersed. The Anglican church retained the Catholic tradition of blessing animals on or near Francis' feast day of 4 October, and more recently Lutheran and other Protestant churches have adopted the practice. [62] Orthodox churches [ edit] St Francis' feast is celebrated at New Skete, an Orthodox Christian monastic community in Cambridge, New York. [63] Other faiths [ edit] Outside of Christianity, other individuals and movements are influenced by the example and teachings of Saint Francis. These include the popular philosopher Eckhart Tolle, who has made videos on the spirituality of Saint Francis. [64] The interfaith spiritual community of Skanda Vale also takes inspiration from the example of Saint Francis, and models itself as an interfaith Franciscan order. [65] St Francis' Way [ edit] In 2019, the Umbria tourist board was continuing the process of refurbishing the route from Florence to Rome that Francis is believed to have used. Called the Via di Francesco or Cammino di Francesco, the 550 kilometer St Francis Way "pilgrimage route" is intended for travel on foot or by bicycle. [66] 67] 68] Main writings [ edit] Canticum Fratris Solis or Laudes Creaturarum; Canticle of the Sun. Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the original Umbrian dialect as well as in a contemporary Latin translation) Regula non bullata, the Earlier Rule, 1221; Regula bullata, the Later Rule, 1223; Testament, 1226; Admonitions. For a complete list, see The Franciscan Experience. [69] Saint Francis is considered the first Italian poet by literary critics. [70] He believed commoners should be able to pray to God in their own language, and he wrote often in the dialect of Umbria instead of Latin. His writings are considered to have great literary and religious value. [71] The anonymous 20th-century prayer " Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace " is widely but erroneously attributed to Saint Francis. [72] 73] In art [ edit] The Franciscan Order promoted devotion to the life of Saint Francis from his canonization onwards, and commissioned large numbers of works for Franciscan churches, either showing Saint Francis with sacred figures, or episodes from his life. There are large early fresco cycles in the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi, parts of which are shown above. Francis of Assisi in art St. Francis and scenes from his life, 13th century Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy by Jusepe de Ribera, 1639) Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire, José Benlliure y Gil (1855–1937) Media [ edit] Basilica of Saint Francis, Assisi Statue of Saint Francis in front of the Catholic church of Chania. Films [ edit] The Flowers of St. Francis, a 1950 film directed by Roberto Rossellini and co-written by Federico Fellini Francis of Assisi, a 1961 film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the novel The Joyful Beggar by Louis de Wohl Francis of Assisi, a 1966 film directed by Liliana Cavani Uccellacci e uccellini ( The Hawks and the Sparrows) a 1966 film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini Brother Sun, Sister Moon, a 1972 film by Franco Zeffirelli Francesco, a 1989 film by Liliana Cavani, contemplatively paced, follows Francis of Assisi's evolution from rich man's son to religious humanitarian, and eventually to a full-fledged self-tortured saint. Saint Francis is played by Mickey Rourke, and the woman who later became Saint Clare, is played by Helena Bonham Carter St. Francis, a 2002 film directed by Michele Soavi, starring Raoul Bova and Amélie Daure Clare and Francis, a 2007 film directed by Fabrizio Costa, starring Mary Petruolo and Ettore Bassi Pranchiyettan and the Saint, a 2010 satirical Indian Malayalam film Finding Saint Francis, a 2014 film directed by Paul Alexander L'ami – François d'Assise et ses frères, a 2016 film directed by Renaud Fely and Arnaud Louvet, starring Elio Germano The Sultan and the Saint, a 2016 film directed by Alexander Kronemer, starring Alexander McPherson In Search of Saint Francis of Assisi, 74] documentary featuring Franciscan monks and others Music [ edit] Franz Liszt: Cantico del sol di Francesco d'Assisi, S. 4 (sacred choral work, 1862, 1880–81; versions of the Prelude for piano, S. 498c, 499, 499a; version of the Prelude for organ, S. 665, 760; version of the Hosannah for organ and bass trombone, S. 677) St. François d'Assise: La Prédication aux oiseaux, No. 1 of Deux Légendes, S. 175 (piano, 1862–63) William Henry Draper: All Creatures of Our God and King (hymn paraphrase of Canticle of the Sun, published 1919) Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Fioretti (voice and orchestra, 1920) Gian Francesco Malipiero: San Francesco d'Assisi (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1920–21) Hermann Suter: Le Laudi (The Praises) or Le Laudi di San Francesco d'Assisi, based on the Canticle of the Sun. oratorio, 1923) Amy Beach: Canticle of the Sun (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1928) Paul Hindemith: Nobilissima Visione (ballet 1938) Leo Sowerby: Canticle of the Sun (cantata for mixed voices with accompaniment for piano or orchestra, 1944) Francis Poulenc: Quatre petites prières de saint François dAssise (men's chorus, 1948) Seth Bingham: The Canticle of the Sun (cantata for chorus of mixed voices with soli ad lib. and accompaniment for organ or orchestra, 1949) William Walton: Cantico del sol (chorus, 1973–74) Olivier Messiaen: Saint François d'Assise (opera, 1975–83) Juliusz Łuciuk  [ pl] Święty Franciszek z Asyżu (oratorio for soprano, tenor, baritone, mixed chorus and orchestra, 1976) Peter Janssens: Franz von Assisi, Musikspiel (Musical play, text: Wilhelm Wilms, 1978) Michele Paulicelli: Forza venite gente  [ it] musical theater, 1981) Karlheinz Stockhausen: Luzifers Abschied (1982) scene 4 of the opera Samstag aus Licht Libby Larsen: I Will Sing and Raise a Psalm (SATB chorus and organ, 1995) Sofia Gubaidulina: Sonnengesang (solo cello, chamber choir and percussion, 1997) Juventude Franciscana  [ pt] Balada de Francisco (voices accompanied by guitar, 1999) Angelo Branduardi: L'infinitamente piccolo (album, 2000) Lewis Nielson: St. Francis Preaches to the Birds (chamber concerto for violin, 2005) Peter Reulein (composer. Helmut Schlegel (libretto) Laudato si. oratorio, 2016) Books [ edit] Part of a series on Christian mysticism Theology  Philosophy Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices Monasticism Asceticism Spiritual direction Meditation Lectio Divina Invoking of Mystic Saints Active asceticism Contemplation Hesychasm Jesus prayer Quietism Stages of Christian perfection Divinization Catharsis Theosis Kenosis Spiritual dryness Religious ecstasy Passive asceticism Abstinence People (by era or century) Antiquity Ancient African Origen Gregory of Nyssa Pseudo-Dionysius Desert Fathers Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Syncletica Athanasius John Chrysostom Hilarion John Cassian 11th  12th Bernard of Clairvaux Guigo II Hildegard of Bingen Symeon the New Theologian 13th  14th Dominican Dominic de Guzmán Franciscan Francis of Assisi Anthony of Padua Bonaventure Jacopone da Todi Angela of Foligno English Richard Rolle Walter Hilton Julian of Norwich Margery Kempe Flemish Hadewijch Beatrice of Nazareth Lutgardis John of Ruysbroeck German Meister Eckhart Johannes Tauler Henry Suso Female Bridget of Sweden Catherine of Siena Mechthild of Magdeburg Marguerite Porete 15th  16th Spanish Ignatius of Loyola Francisco de Osuna John of Ávila Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Others Catherine of Genoa 17th  18th French Margaret Mary Alacoque Pierre de Bérulle Jean-Jacques Olier Louis de Montfort Charles de Condren John Eudes John of St. Samson María de Ágreda Anne Catherine Emmerich Veronica Giuliani Francis de Sales 19th Dina Bélanger Catherine Labouré Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud Bernadette Soubirous Conchita de Armida Luisa Piccarreta Mary of the Divine Heart Thérèse of Lisieux Gemma Galgani 20th Padre Pio Therese Neumann Marthe Robin Alexandrina of Balazar Faustina Kowalska Berthe Petit Sister Lúcia of Fátima Edgar Cayce Simone Weil Alfred Delp Thomas Merton Charles de Foucauld Edvige Carboni Elena Aiello Contemporary papal views Aspects of meditation ( Orationis Formas, 1989) Reflection on the New Age (2003) Literature  Media Lingua Ignota Ordo Virtutum Scivias Ascent of Mount Carmel Dark Night of the Soul Spiritual Canticle Way of Perfection Book of the First Monks The Interior Castle Abbey of the Holy Ghost A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation Diary: Divine Mercy in My Soul From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart The Glories of Mary The Imitation of Christ The Ladder of Divine Ascent Philokalia Revelations of Divine Love The Story of a Soul Theologia Germanica Devotio Moderna The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima Sol de Fátima The Cloud of Unknowing The Consolation of Philosophy The Mirror of Simple Souls Sister Catherine Treatise Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii The Vision of Adamnán Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso v t e Francis of Assisi, The Little Flowers (Fioretti) London, 2012. ISBN   978-1-78336-013-0 Saint Francis of Assisi, written and illustrated by Demi, Wisdom Tales, 2012, ISBN   978-1-937786-04-5 Francis of Assisi: A New Biography, by Augustine Thompson, O. P., Cornell University Press, 2012, ISBN   978-080145-070-9 Francis of Assisi in the Sources and Writings, by Robert Rusconi and translated by Nancy Celaschi, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2008. ISBN   978-1-57659-152-9 The Complete Francis of Assisi: His Life, The Complete Writings, and The Little Flowers, ed. and trans. Jon M. Sweeney, Paraclete Press, 2015, ISBN   978-1-61261-688-9 The Stigmata of Francis of Assisi, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2006. ISBN   978-1-57659-140-6 Francis of Assisi – The Message in His Writings, by Thaddee Matura, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1997. ISBN   978-1-57659-127-7 Saint Francis of Assisi, by John R. H. Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1987. ISBN   978-0-8199-0904-6 First Encounter with Francis of Assisi, by Damien Vorreux and translated by Paul LaChance, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1979. ISBN   978-0-8199-0698-4 St. Francis of Assisi, by Raoul Manselli, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1985. ISBN   978-0-8199-0880-3 Saint Francis of Assisi, by Thomas of Celano and translated by Placid Hermann, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1988. ISBN   978-0-8199-0554-3 Francis the Incomparable Saint, by Joseph Lortz, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1986, ISBN   978-1-57659-067-6 Respectfully Yours: Signed and Sealed, Francis of Assisi, by Edith van den Goorbergh and Theodore Zweerman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2001. ISBN   978-1-57659-178-9 The Admonitions of St. Francis: Sources and Meanings, by Robert J. Karris, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1999. ISBN   978-1-57659-166-6 We Saw Brother Francis, by Francis de Beer, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1983. ISBN   978-0-8199-0803-2 Sant Francesc (Saint Francis, 1895) a book of forty-three Saint Francis poems by Catalan poet-priest Jacint Verdaguer, three of which are included in English translation in Selected Poems of Jacint Verdaguer: A Bilingual Edition, edited and translated by Ronald Puppo, with an introduction by Ramon Pinyol i Torrents (University of Chicago, 2007. The three poems are "The Turtledoves. Preaching to Birds" and "The Pilgrim. Saint Francis of Assisi (1923) a book by G. K. Chesterton Blessed Are The Meek (1944. a book by Zofia Kossak Saint Francis of Assisi a Doubleday Image Book translated by T. O'Conor Sloane, Ph. D., LL. D. in 1955 from the Danish original researched and written by Johannes Jorgensen and published in 1912 by Longmans, Green and Company, Inc. Saint Francis of Assisi (God's Pauper) 1962) a novel by Nikos Kazantzakis Scripta Leonis, Rufini Et Angeli Sociorum S. Francisci: The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo Companions of St. Francis (1970) edited by Rosalind B. Brooke, in Latin and English, containing testimony recorded by intimate, long-time companions of Saint Francis Saint Francis and His Four Ladies (1970) a book by Joan Mowat Erikson The Life and Words of St. Francis of Assisi (1973) by Ira Peck The Life of Saint Francis of Assisi (1996) a book by Patricia Stewart Reluctant Saint: The Life of Francis of Assisi (2002) a book by Donald Spoto Flowers for St. Francis (2005) a book by Raj Arumugam Chasing Francis, 2006, a book by Ian Cron John Tolan, St. Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Vita di un uomo: Francesco d'Assisi (1995) a book by Chiara Frugoni, preface by Jacques Le Goff, Torino: Einaudi. Francis, Brother of the Universe (1982) a 48-page comic book by Marvel Comics on the life of Saint Francis of Assisi written by Father Roy Gasnik O. and Mary Jo Duffy, artwork by John Buscema and Marie Severin, lettering by Jim Novak and edited by Jim Shooter. Other [ edit] Part of a series on Eucharistic adoration of the Catholic Church Solar monstrance of the Eucharist Papal documents Mirae caritatis Dominicae cenae Mysterium fidei Mediator Dei Ecclesia de Eucharistia Organisations and events Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament Servants of the Blessed Sacrament Perpetual Adorers Tabernacle Societies Eucharistic congress Notable individuals Peter Julian Eymard John Vianney Marie Tamisier Leo Dupont Fulton J. Sheen Mary Therese Vicente Eucharistic meditators Maria Candida Maria Valtorta Catholicism portal v t e In Rubén Darío 's poem Los Motivos Del Lobo (The Reasons Of The Wolf) St. Francis tames a terrible wolf only to discover that the human heart harbors darker desires than those of the beast. In Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's The Brothers Karamazov, Ivan Karamazov invokes the name of 'Pater Seraphicus. an epithet applied to St. Francis, to describe Alyosha's spiritual guide Zosima. The reference is found in Goethe's "Faust" Part 2, Act 5, lines 11918–25. [75] In Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, Henry Adams ' chapter on the "Mystics" discusses Francis extensively. Francesco's Friendly World was a 1996–97 direct-to-video Christian animated series produced by Lyrick Studios that was about Francesco and his talking animal friends as they rebuild the Church of San Damiano. [76] Rich Mullins co-wrote Canticle of the Plains, a musical, with Mitch McVicker. Released in 1997, it was based on the life of Saint Francis of Assisi, but told as a western story. Bernard Malamud 's novel The Assistant (1957) features a protagonist, Frank Alpine, who exemplifies the life of Saint Francis in mid-20th-century Brooklyn, New York City. See also [ edit] Pardon of Assisi Fraticelli Society of Saint Francis Saint Juniper, one of Francis' original followers St. Benedict's Cave, which contains a portrait of Francis made during his lifetime Saint-François d'Assise, an opera by Olivier Messiaen Saint-François (disambiguation) places named after Francis of Assisi in French-speaking countries) List of places named after Saint Francis Saint Francis of Assisi, patron saint archive Blessing of animals Prayers Canticle of the Sun, a prayer by Saint Francis Prayer of Saint Francis, a prayer often misattributed to Saint Francis Notes [ edit] On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was "Francis" not "Francis I. A Vatican spokesman said that the name would become Francis I if and when there is a Francis II. [53] 58] References [ edit] Brooke, Rosalind B. The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2006) pp. 161–62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l   Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913. St. Francis of Assisi. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Brady, Ignatius Charles. Saint Francis of Assisi. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. ^ Holy Men and Holy Women" PDF... ^ Notable Lutheran Saints... ^ a b Chesterton (1924) p. 126 ^ a b "Saint Francis of Assisi, Biography, Facts, Feast Day. Legacy. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ The Patron Saint of Animals and Ecology. Earth Day Network. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ a b Media, Franciscan (4 October 2016. Saint Francis of Assisi. Franciscan Media. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ Tolan, John (2009. St. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199239726. ^ St. Francis of Assisi – Franciscan Friars of the Renewal. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ The Christmas scenes made by Saint Francis at the time were not inanimate objects, but live ones, later commercialised into inanimate representations of the Blessed Lord and His parents. ^   Herbermann, Charles, ed. "Christmas. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ a b c d Cross, F. L., ed. (2005. Francis of Assisi. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0199566712. ^ Cross, F. "Stigmatization. ISBN   0199566712. ^ a b Englebert, Omer (1951. The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble. p.  529. ISBN   978-1-56619-516-4. ^ Dagger, Jacob (November–December 2006. Blessing All Creatures, Great and Small. Duke Magazine. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ a b Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924. Francis of Assisi" 14 ed. Garden City, New York: Image Books: 158. ^ Chesterton (1924) pp. 40–41 ^ St. Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867. The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) 1988 ed. Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers. p. 190. ISBN   978-0-89555-343-0. ^ a b Chesterton (1924) pp. 54–56 ^ de la Riva, Fr. John (2011. Life of St. Francis. Francis of Assisi National Shrine. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ Kiefer, James E. (1999. Francis of Assisi, Friar. Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ Chesterton (1924) pp. 107–108 ^ Galli(2002) pp. 74–80 ^ Chesterton (1924) pp. 110–111 ^ Fioretti quoted in: St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, ed. Otto Karrer (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) 244. ^ Chesterton (1924) p. 130 ^ Runciman, Steven. History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades, Cambridge University Press (1951, paperback 1987) pp. 151–161. ^ Tolan, pp. 4f. ^ e. g., Jacques de Vitry, Letter 6 of February or March 1220 and Historia orientalis (c. 1223–1225) cap. XXII; Tommaso da Celano, Vita prima (1228) §57: the relevant passages are quoted in an English translation in Tolan, pp. 19f. and 54 respectively. ^ Tolan, p. 5 ^ e. g., Chesterton, Saint Francis, Hodder & Stoughton (1924) chapter 8. Tolan (p. 126) discusses the incident as recounted by Bonaventure, an incident which does not extend to a fire actually being lit. ^ Péter Bokody, Idolatry or Power: St. Francis in Front of the Sultan" in: Promoting the Saints: Cults and Their Contexts from Late Antiquity until the Early Modern Period, ed. Ottó Gecser and others (Budapest: CEU Press, 2010) 69–81, esp. at pp. 74 and 76–78. The views of Panofsky (idols: see Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art, New York 1972, p. 148, n. 3) and Tolan (undecided: p. 143) are cited at p. 73. ^ Bonaventure, Legenda major (1260–1263) cap. IX §7–9, criticized by, e. g., Sabatier, La Vie de St. François d'Assise (1894) chapter 13, and Paul Moses, The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace, Doubleday Religion (2009) excerpted in a restricted-view article in Commonwealth magazine, 25 September 2009 "Mission improbable: St. Francis & the Sultan" accessed 4 April 2015 ^ Friedrich Rintelen, Giotto und die Giotto-apokryphen, 1912) For grants of various permissions and privileges to Francis as attributed by later sources, see, e. g., Tolan, pp. 258–263. The first mention of the Sultan's conversion occurs in a sermon delivered by Bonaventure on 4 October 1267. See Tolan, pp. 168 ^ Bulla Gratias agimus, commemorated by Pope John Paul II in a Letter dated 30 November 1992. See also Tolan, p. 258. On the Franciscan presence, including an historical overview, see, generally the official website at Custodia and Custodian of the Holy Land ^ Bonaventure (1867) p. 162 ^ Le Goff, Jacques. Saint Francis of Assisi, 2003 ISBN   0-415-28473-2 page 44 ^ Miles, Margaret Ruth. The Word made flesh: a history of Christian thought, 2004 ISBN   978-1-4051-0846-1 pages 160–161 ^ Chesterton (1924) p. 131 ^ Eimerl, Sarel (1967. The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337. et al. Time-Life Books. p.  15. ISBN   0-900658-15-0. ^ a b c d Bonaventure (1867) pp. 78–85 ^ Ugolino Brunforte (Brother Ugolino) 1958. The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi. Calvin College: CCEL. ISBN   978-1-61025212-6. Quote. ^ a b c Bonaventure (1867) p. 178 ^ Pope John Paul II (29 November 1979. Inter Sanctos (Apostolic Letter AAS 71. PDF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014. ^ Pope John Paul II (8 December 1989. World Day of Peace 1990. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana) p. 139 ^ Pope Pius XII (18 June 1939. Licet Commissa" Apostolic Letter AAS 31, pp. 256–257) Pope Francis (16 March 2013. Audience to Representatives of the Communications Media. Retrieved 9 August 2014. ^ Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of Assisi's name. The Guardian. London. 16 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. ^ a b "New Pope Fra[n]cis visits St. Mary Major, collects suitcases and pays bill at hotel. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ Michael Martinez, CNN Vatican analyst: Pope Francis' name choice 'precedent shattering' CNN (13 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013. ^ Laura Smith-Spark et al. Pope Francis explains name, calls for church 'for the poor' CNN, 16 March 2013 ^ Pope Francis wants 'poor Church for the poor. BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ Bethune, Brian, Pope Francis: How the first New World pontiff could save the church. 26 March 2013, Retrieved 27 March 2013 ^ Alpert, Emily (13 March 2013. Vatican: It's Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ Beverly Johnson Roberts, St. Francis Patron. Archived 21 March 2009. ^ The Little Sisters of St. Clare. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2019-04-16. ^ For example, the OSFOC [ permanent dead link. ^ Bliss, Peggy Ann (3 October 2019. Animals to be blessed Saturday at Episcopal Cathedral" PDF. The San Juan Daily Star. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019. ^ Events, New Skete Monastery... ^ St Francis of Assisi - What is Perfect Joy. Eckhart Tolle Now. Retrieved 26 June 2019. ^ Skanda Vale - Frequently asked questions. Skanda Vale. Retrieved 14 November 2018. ^ Walking in Italy: on the trail of Saint Francis of Assisi. 3 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ St Francis' Way. Via di Francesco. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019. intends to reintroduce the Franciscan experience in the lands that the Poor Man walked through on his travels. ^ St Francis Way in Italy. Camino Ways. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ Writings of St. Francis – Part 2. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2013-01-17. ^ Brand, Peter; Pertile, Lino, eds. "2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff. The Cambridge History of Italian Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-52166622-0. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ Chesterton, G. (1987. Francis. Image. pp. 160 p. ISBN   0-385-02900-4. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link) Renoux, Christian (2001. La prière pour la paix attribuée à saint François: une énigme à résoudre. Paris: Editions franciscaines. ISBN   2-85020-096-4. ^ Renoux, Christian. "The Origin of the Peace Prayer of St. Retrieved 9 August 2014. ^ In Search of Saint Francis of Assisi, Green Apple Entertainment. Retrieved 20 December 2019. ^ , (2015. " . . . . . 2: . 2 (139) 222–233. Retrieved 11 July 2019 – via. ^ Mark Bernthal - TV-VIDEOS... Bibliography [ edit] Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli Sociorum S. Francis, original manuscript, 1246, compiled by Brother Leo and other companions (1970, 1990, reprinted with corrections) Oxford, Oxford University Press, edited by Rosalind B. Brooke, in Latin and English, ISBN   0-19-822214-9, containing testimony recorded by intimate, long-time companions of St. Francis Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867. ISBN   978-0-89555-343-0 Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924. Francis of Assisi (14 ed. Garden City, New York: Image Books. Englebert, Omer (1951. New York: Barnes & Noble. Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Wydenbruck, London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) Tolan, John (2009. Saint Francis and the Sultan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Further reading [ edit] Acocella, Joan (14 January 2013. Rich Man, Poor Man: The Radical Visions of St. The New Yorker. 88 (43. p. 72–77. Retrieved 23 January 2015. Antony, Manjiyil. Assisiyile Francis. Alwaye, Santhome Creations, 2013. Fioretti di San Francesco, the " Little Flowers of St. Francis. end of the 14th century: an anonymous Italian version of the Actus; the most popular of the sources, but very late and therefore not the best authority by any means. Friar Julian of Speyer, Vita Sancti Francisci, 1232–1239. Friar Tommaso da Celano: Vita Prima Sancti Francisci, 1228; Vita Secunda Sancti Francisci, 1246–1247; Tractatus de Miraculis Sancti Francisci, 1252–1253. Friar Elias, Epistola Encyclica de Transitu Sancti Francisci, 1226. Pope Gregory IX, Bulla "Mira circa nos" for the canonization of St. Francis, 19 July 1228. St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, Legenda Maior Sancti Francisci, 1260–1263. The Little Flowers of Saint Francis (Translated by Raphael Brown) Doubleday, 1998. ISBN   978-0-385-07544-2 Ugolino da Montegiorgio, Actus Beati Francisci et sociorum eius, 1327–1342. External links [ edit] Saint Francis of Assisi" Encyclopædia Britannica online "St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor" Butler's Lives of the Saints The Franciscan Archive Saint Francis of Assisi – Catholic Saints & Angels Here Followeth the Life of Saint Francis from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica "The Poor Man of Assisi. Invisible Monastery of carity and fraternity – Christian prayer group. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Works by or about Francis of Assisi at Internet Archive Works by Francis of Assisi at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks.

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Saint frances cabrini catholic church. Saint Frances Oscilloscope Home Media Press & Screenings Contact Home. Image saint frances cabrini. Saint frances cabrini san jose. Saint francis hospital lynwood. Saint francis high school la canada. St. Francis of Assisi, Italian San Francesco dAssisi, baptized Giovanni, renamed Francesco, original name Francesco di Pietro di Bernardone, born 1181/82, Assisi, duchy of Spoleto [Italy]—died October 3, 1226, Assisi; canonized July 16, 1228; feast day October 4) founder of the Franciscan orders of the Friars Minor (Ordo Fratrum Minorum) the womens Order of St. Clare (the Poor Clares) and the lay Third Order. He was also a leader of the movement of evangelical poverty in the early 13th century. His evangelical zeal, consecration to poverty, charity, and personal charisma drew thousands of followers. Franciss devotion to the human Jesus and his desire to follow Jesus example reflected and reinforced important developments in medieval spirituality. The Poverello (“Poor Little Man”) is one of the most venerated religious figures in Roman Catholic history, and he and St. Catherine of Siena are the patron saints of Italy. In 1979 Pope John Paul II recognized him as the patron saint of ecology. Top Questions Who is St. Francis of Assisi? What was St. Francis of Assisis early life like? What is St. Francis of Assisi famous for? Early life and career Francis was the son of Pietro di Bernardone, a cloth merchant, and the lady Pica, who may have come from France. At Franciss birth, his father was away on a business trip to France, and his mother had him baptized Giovanni. On his return, however, Pietro changed the infants name to Francesco because of either his interest in France or his wifes background. Francis learned to read and write Latin at the school near the church of San Giorgio, acquired some knowledge of French language and literature, and was especially fond of the Provenƈal culture of the troubadours. He liked to speak French (although he never did so perfectly) and even attempted to sing in the language. His youth was most likely without serious moral lapses, and his exuberant love of life and a general spirit of worldliness made him a recognized leader of the young men of the town. In 1202 he took part in a war between Assisi and Perugia, was held prisoner for almost a year, and on his release fell seriously ill. After his recovery, he attempted to join the papal forces under Count Gentile against the emperor Frederick II in Apulia in late 1205. On his journey, however, he had a vision or dream that bade him return to Assisi and await the call to a new kind of knighthood. On his return, he dedicated himself to solitude and prayer so that he might know Gods will for him. Several other episodes contributed to his conversion to the apostolic life: a vision of Christ while Francis prayed in a grotto near Assisi; an experience of poverty during a pilgrimage to Rome, where, in rags, he mingled with the beggars before St. Peters Basilica and begged alms; an incident in which he not only gave alms to a leper (he had always felt a deep repugnance for lepers) but also kissed his hand. Among such episodes, the most important, according to his disciple and first biographer, Thomas of Celano, occurred at the ruined chapel of San Damiano outside the gate of Assisi when Francis heard the crucifix above the altar command him: “Go, Francis, and repair my house which, as you see, is well-nigh in ruins. ” Taking this literally, Francis hurried home, gathered some fine cloth from his fathers shop, and rode off to the nearby town of Foligno, where he sold both cloth and horse. He then tried to give the money to the priest at San Damiano, whose refusal prompted Francis to throw the money out the window. Angered, his father kept him at home and then brought him before the civil authorities. When Francis refused to answer the summons, his father called him before the bishop of Assisi. Before any accusations were made, Francis “without a word peeled off his garments even removing his breeches and restored them to his father. ” Completely naked, he said: “Until now I have called you my father on earth. But henceforth I can truly say: Our Father who art in heaven. ” The astonished bishop gave him a cloak, and Francis went off to the woods of Mount Subasio above the city. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today Francis renounced worldly goods and family ties to embrace a life of poverty. He repaired the church of San Damiano, refurbished a chapel dedicated to St. Peter the Apostle, and then restored the now-famous little chapel of St. Mary of the Angels ( Santa Maria degli Angeli) the Porziuncola, on the plain below Assisi. There, on the feast of St. Matthias, February 24, 1208, he listened at mass to the account of the mission of Christ to the Apostles from the Gospel According to Matthew (10:7, 9–11) “And as you go, preach the message, ‘The kingdom is at hand! …Take no gold, nor silver, nor money in your belts, no bag for your journey, nor two tunics, nor sandals, nor a staff; for the labourer deserves his food. And whatever town or villa you enter, find out who is worthy in it, and stay with him until you depart. ” According to Thomas of Celano, this was the decisive moment for Francis, who declared, “This is what I wish; this is what I am seeking. This is what I want to do from the bottom of my heart. ” He then removed his shoes, discarded his staff, put on a rough tunic, and began to preach repentance.

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Watch Brahms: The Boy II (2019) Movie Full BDRip is not transcode and can move down for encryption, but BRRip can only go down to SD resolution because they are transcribed. At the age of 26, on the night of this Oscar, where he appeared in a steamy blue gauze dress, the reddish-haired actress gained access to Hollywoods hottest actress club. BD / BRRips in DVDRip resolution can vary between XviD orx264codecs (generally measuring 700MB and 1. 5GB and the size of DVD5 or DVD9: 4. 5GB or 8. 4GB) which is larger, the size fluctuates depending on the length and quality of release, but increasingly the higher the size, the more likely they are to use the x264 codec. With its classic and secret beauty, this Californian from Sacramento has won the Summit. He was seen on “21 Jump Street” with Channing Tatum, and “Crazy Amy” by Judd Apatow. And against more prominent actresses like Jennifer Lawrence, Gal Gadot or Scarlett Johansson, Brie Larson signed a seven-contract deal with Marvel. There is nothing like that with Watch The Curse of La Llorona Free Online, which is signed mainly by women. And it feels. When hes not in a combination of full-featured superheroes, Carol Danvers Brahms: The Boy II (2019)s Nirvana as Brahms: The Boy IIy anti-erotic as possible and proves to be very independent. This is even the key to his strength: if the super hero is so unique, we are told, it is thanks to his ability since Brahms: The Boy II (2019) despite being ridiculed masculine, to stand alone. Too bad its not enough to make a film that stands up completely … Errors in scenarios and realization are complicated and impossible to be inspired. There is no sequence of actions that are truly shocking and actress Brie Larson failed to make her character charming. Spending his time displaying scorn and ridicule, his courageous attitude continually weakens empathy and prevents the audience from shuddering at the danger and changes facing the hero. Too bad, because the tape offers very good things to the person including the red cat and young Nick Fury and both eyes (the film took place in the 1990s. In this case, if Samuel Jacksons rejuvenation by digital technology is impressive, the illusion is only for his face. Once the actor moves or starts the sequence of actions, the stiffness of his movements is clear and reminds of his true age. Details but it shows that digital is fortunately still at a limit. As for Goose, the cat, we will not say more about his role not to “express”. Already the 21st film for stable Marvel Cinema was launched 10 years ago, and while waiting for the sequel to The 100 Season 6 Movie war infinity (The 100 Season 6 Movie, released April 24 home) this new work is a suitable drink but struggles to hold back for the body and to be really refreshing. Lets hope that following the adventures of the strongest heroes, Marvel managed to increase levels and prove better. #123movies #putlocker #yesmovies #afdah #freemoviesonline #gostream #marvelmoviesinorder #m4ufree #movies123 #123moviesgo #123movies123 #xmovies8 #0123movies #watchmoviesonlinefree #goodmoviesonnetflix #watchmoviesonline #sockshare #moviestowatch #putlocker9 #goodmoviestowatch #watchfreemovies #123movieshub #dragonballsuperbrolyfullmovie #avengersmoviesinorder #bestmoviesonamazonprime #netflixtvshows #hulushows #scarymoviesonnetflix #freemoviewebsites #topnetflixmovies #freemoviestreaming #123freemovies #123movies #verystream #streammango #gostream #gomovies #vmovies #kissmovies #putlocker #openload #flixtor #vicloud #vidoza #popcorn #ymovies #movieninja #cmovies #azmovies #solarmovies #5movies #vxmovies.

So the villain is gonna be Demon bear pretty interesting that and sunspot looks amazing.

Yandere Dev is an absolute joke and I'm glad everyone is realizing it

1:07 Die deutsche Synchronisation ist Weltklasse sie haben so gar den Text auf der Liste übersetzt umgewandelt. Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video Film Brahms: The Boy II Ganzer Film Brahms: The Boy II (2020) Stream Deutsch Als eine junge Familie in die Heelshire Mansion einzieht, wissen sie nichts von den grauenvollen Dingen, die in der Vergangenheit dort geschehen sind. Doch dann findet der kleine Sohn, Jude, einen seltsamen neuen Freund: Eine Puppe aus Porzellan, die eine seltsame Macht auf ihn ausübt. Schon bald tragen sich unerklärliche und verstörende Dinge zu, die scheinbar von der Puppe ausgehen... Details Mit Posters Image Titel Brahms: The Boy II Starttermin Feb 20, 2020 Genres Horror, Mystery, Thriller, Verleiher STX Entertainment, Lakeshore Entertainment Produktionsland Mit Katie Holmes, Christopher Convery, Owain Yeoman, Ralph Ineson, Anjali Jay, Oliver Rice, Joely Collins, Natalie Moon, Joanne Kimm Trama murder, mansion, Trete dem Netzwerk der zufriedenen Mitglieder bei und probiere diesen Service an Kostenlos. Füllen Sie das Anmeldeformular aus und Startet den Stream sofort Unbegrenzter Zugang Finden Sie wonach Sie suchen Keine Werbung Alle Plattformen.

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BD / BRRips in DVDRip resolution can varMy between XviD orx264codecs (generallMy measuring 700MB and 1. 5GB and the size of DVD5 or DVD9: 4. 5GB or 8. 4GB) which is larger, the size fluctuates depending on the length and qualitMy of release, but increasinglMy the higher the size, the more likelMy theMy are to use the x264 codec. With its classic and secret beautMy, this Californian from Sacramento has won the Summit. He was seen on “21 Jump Street” with Channing Tatum, and “CrazMy AmMy” bMy Judd Apatow. And against more prominent actresses like Jennifer Lawrence, Gal Gadot or Scarlett Johansson, Brie Larson signed a seven-contract deal with Marvel. There is nothing like that with Watch The Curse of La Llorona Free Online, which is signed mainlMy bMy women. And it feels. When hes not in a combination of full-featured superheroes, Carol Danvers runs Nirvana as greedMy anti-erotic as possible and proves to be verMy independent. This is even the keMy to his strength: if the super hero is so unique, we are told, it is thanks to his abilitMy since childhood, despite being ridiculed masculine, to stand alone. Too bad its not enough to make a film that stands up completelMy … Errors in scenarios and realization are complicated and impossible to be inspired. There is no sequence of actions that are trulMy shocking and actress Brie Larson failed to make her character charming. Spending his time displaMying scorn and ridicule, his courageous attitude continuallMy weakens empathMy and prevents the audience from shuddering at the danger and changes facing the hero. Too bad, because the tape offers verMy good things to the person including the red cat and Myoung Nick FurMy and both eMyes (the film took place in the 1990s. In this case, if Samuel Jacksons rejuvenation bMy digital technologMy is impressive, the illusion is onlMy for his face. Once the actor moves or starts the sequence of actions, the stiffness of his movements is clear and reminds of his true age. Details but it shows that digital is fortunatelMy still at a limit. As for Goose, the cat, we will not saMy more about his role not to “express”. AlreadMy the 21st film for stable Marvel Cinema was launched 10 Myears ago, and while waiting for the sequel to The 100 Season 6 Movie war infinitMy (The 100 Season 6 Movie, released April 24 home) this new work is a suitable drink but struggles to hold back for the bodMy and to be reallMy refreshing. Lets hope that following the adventures of the strongest heroes, Marvel managed to increase levels and prove better.

Brahms: The Boy II Movie streams.

Meh why do they have to destroy my fave movies with gore

Osana was supposed to be out around April 2016 I believe. That is almost 4 years ago. I'm honestly over the game. I really like the concept of the game, but I don't really like Dev. I have waited almost 6 years for the damn game and we still don't have a demo. Also, when will the character models be updated? It's supper inefficient to model clothes and hair models for them if they're gonna get updated anyway.

Brahms: The Boy II Movie streaming sur internet. I don't know what to call this or say Someone you even may find it weird But I think. I mean. I find brahms a bit cool and handsome It's just my opinion 😅😅. please no hate or anything. I swear 1 of my friends is a actor from quiet place. Brahms: The Boy II Movie. I remember the boy 1 amazing movie with cohan actor.i hope this is good too. Spider-Man: swings from buildings Wonder Woman: “Anything you can do I can do better…”.

 

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The strawberry alarm clock. Hope, inspiration, creativity, calm, contentment, renewal, serenity, spirituality, healing, positivity The Star Upright Meaning Guide The Star Tarot Card Key Meanings: General meaning and interpretation  (Upright) In a general context, The Star indicates hope for the future, inspiration and contentment. With this Major Arcana card in your Tarot spread you will find yourself feeling very positive, motivated and free. You will be feeling very serene and in tune with the universe as The Star is a card of spiritual connection. The Star is a very positive omen. It is the period of calm and stability that follows the storm that was The Tower. The Star indicates that you have come through your tough times with a renewed sense of yourself and the world around you, you are full of calm, well-balanced energy and you are open to healing the wounds of the past. Whatever mental, emotional, physical or spiritual issues you were experiencing are now behind you and you are ready to embrace what your future holds. Trust that the universe has a plan for you and trust the feeling you have that everything is going to be OK.  You will be feeling confident in yourself and people will like you for who you are with this card in your Tarot reading. The Star can also indicate creativity and artistic flair, so now would be a great time to take up an artistic hobby. Love & Relationships  (Upright) The Star in a love Tarot reading can indicate a relationship with an Aquarius. If you are single, The Star is an indicator that you are ready to let go of any baggage you have been carrying from past relationships. Your future love life looks positive and now is a great time to meet people. It can also signify someone from your past coming back into your life to rekindle a relationship. If you are in a relationship the Star is a sign that your relationship will be progressing into something deeper. If you have had problems in the relationship previously, The Star tells you that these issues can be healed and you can have a bright future if you open yourself up to healing. Money & Career  (Upright) The Star in a career context indicates that you will have great opportunities coming your way in terms of work. If you have been waiting to find out the outcome of a promotion or job interview, The Star is very positive sign that things are going to go in your favour or something even better is going to come your way. It can also be an indicator that you would do well in a more creative role. You may be feeling very creatively inspired with The Star in your Tarot reading. Financially speaking, if you have been having money issues, The Star tells you that there is a way to get your finances in check. Now is a good time to make investments, within reason, as The Star in an upright position, signifies your finances moving in a positive direction. Health  (Upright) If you have been having health issues, The Star indicates that you are coming into a time of great healing. It can be a signifier for good health and for health issues being resolved in a positive way. Or it can simply signify that you will be feeling much more hopeful about your future health. Spirituality  (Upright) In a spiritual context, The Star is a great omen. It indicates that you will be very in tune with the spirit world. If you are interested in psychic development, you may find that you come on in leaps and bounds with the Star in your Tarot reading. Its also a great time to get involved in energy or healing work as you should be very open to healing at the moment. Reversed Meaning Guide The Star Reversed Tarot Card Key Meanings: Hopelessness, despair, focusing on the negative, lack of faith, lack of inspiration, lack of creativity, boredom, monotony General meaning and interpretation  (Reversed) The Star in a reversed position can indicate that you are feeling hopeless. Perhaps the difficult situations you have been through in the past have drained you of your lust for life and your faith in the universes plan for you. The Star reversed does not indicate that things are hopeless, only that you feel they are. You need to take responsibility for yourself and your attitude to life. You may want to consider seeking some professional counselling to help you heal the wounds of the past and leave them where they belong. The Star can signify that you have lost your confidence, your belief in yourself and your trust in your own abilities. This Major Arcana card can also be an indication of feeling anxious and overwhelmed. A change of attitude is needed to resolve this not necessarily a change of circumstances. Dont allow yourself to continue to play the victim if you have long since left the situation in which you were victimised. The Star is telling you that its time to heal the past, draw a line under it and move forward. Seek support to do this if you need to. You can do anything you set your mind to, you just have to believe in yourself and focus on the positive. Start small and try to find one or two things to be grateful for in each day. A creative outlet might also be helpful to you if you are artistically inclined. Rediscover your creative side, it will help you heal. Love & Relationships  (Reversed) If you are in a relationship, The Star reversed indicates that you may have lost faith in the relationship or are focusing on the negative and missing the positive aspects of your relationship. Your relationship may have lost some of its spark, you may feel that the relationship has become stagnant and monotonous and that you and your partner have disconnected on some level. The Star reversed tells you that these problems can be fixed but you have to be prepared to heal old wounds and clear out any negative energy from the relationship if you want to go forward. If you are single, The Star reversed indicates loneliness and lack of faith in the universes plan for you. You may be feeling like you will never meet the right person for you. You may feel that you are becoming cynical about love. You need to release your fears and let go of the negative energy youve been holding on to in order to move forward. Love will appear when you least expect it! Money & Career  (Reversed) In a career Tarot spread, The Star reversed indicates that you may be feeling bored in your career or feel that you are stuck in a career that is going nowhere. Monotony has set in and you no longer feel the creative spark or enthusiasm you once had. You need to change your attitude and start focusing on the positive. Things are not as bad as they seem and anything you are unhappy with is within your power to change. The Star reversed can also indicate that you are not using your creativity and are letting your talents go to waste. In a financial context, if your finances have not been going well, The Star reversed tells you that any problems are within your power to change. Reassess your financial plans in light of any recent changes in your circumstances and ask yourself are these plans still working for you and will they get you what you want? If not, look at what you can do to change them to suit your current circumstances. Dont let anxiety over money overwhelm you, its not all doom and gloom! Things are not as bad as you think they are. Health  (Reversed) In a health context, The Star reversed can indicate that your health is not all that bad but any issues you have will be magnified by your anxiety and pessimism at the moment. You may be worrying about your health and blowing any symptoms way out of proportion rather than going for a simple check-up. Try to focus on the positive. If you are worried about a health issue, go and get it checked by a doctor to put your mind at ease. Energy healing may be beneficial to you at the moment to boost your health and help you to let go of any negative energy youre holding onto. Spirituality  (Reversed) The Star reversed in a spiritual context shows that you have lost faith in the universe. You may feel like you are disconnected from spirit and you may be looking upon the difficulties you have faced in the past as an indication that you are doomed. Remember, the universe loves you. Even when you are going through terribly tough times, it is simply the universe giving you an opportunity to learn and grow. Reconnect to your spiritual side and try to find something to be grateful for in each day. You will not believe the difference such a small change can make to your outlook on life. Want to keep learning the meaning of the Tarot cards with The Tarot Guide? Continue to the next card... Or check out the rest of the Major Arcana or Minor Arcana in The Tarot Guide for free tarot meanings online.

Privacy Policy Terms of use Accessibility Copyright Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. 1996 - 2020 The Toronto Star and, each property of Toronto Star Newspapers Limited, One Yonge Street, 4th floor, Toronto, ON, M5E 1E6. The star kenya. Enter the characters you see below Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies. Type the characters you see in this image: Try different image Conditions of Use Privacy Policy 1996-2014, Inc. or its affiliates. The starch solution. I wonder how beautiful these all things will look in real. 😍😍I can watch all these things every day. What is the star signs.

 

This child just wants to go to school, this broke my heart. He is very smart and strong! I pray that people buy from him.

Saddest video on YouTube. Kansas City Breaking News, Crime & Sports, The Kansas City Star Skip to Content Home News Sports Politics Opinion Super Bowl LIV A Chiefs party 50 years coming: ‘Like a fantasy, and it all came true. Kansas City Chiefs wide receiver Demarcus Robinson (11) holds the Vince Lombardi Trophy after winning Super Bowl 54 against the San Francisco 49ers at Hard Rock Stadium on Sunday, February 2, 2020 in Miami Gardens, Florida. Al Diaz SportsBeat KC: Just how did the amazing comeback Chiefs win the Super Bowl? February 03, 2020 12:10 PM On the way to the worst game of his career, Patrick Mahomes wins Super Bowl MVP February 02, 2020 11:22 PM Chiefs had to suffer through dark moments before finally winning it all Sunday February 02, 2020 10:36 PM Chiefs Chiefs championship was not a dream. Super Bowl win is gift that keeps on giving From Mahomes to Mathieu to Reid, Hunt and a former prisoner of war, this championship is for everyone in Chiefs Kingdom. February 03, 2020 11:25 AM Cityscape Super Bowl swag: Kansas City shoppers cant get enough. Heres what you need to know. February 03, 2020 1:00 PM Crime Commercial-grade fireworks kill fan celebrating Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl win February 03, 2020 11:52 AM For Pete's Sake Travis Kelce shared a video from Chiefs team bus after Super Bowl LIV victory February 03, 2020 9:29 AM Local Schools cancel classes to allow students, staff to celebrate Chiefs Super Bowl win February 03, 2020 8:56 AM National Super Bowl celebration in Kansas City was so big it showed up on weather radar February 03, 2020 7:36 AM Editorials Should KC be offended that Trump thinks Chiefs are from the ‘Great State of Kansas? February 03, 2020 11:11 AM Latest Rush Limbaugh says hes been diagnosed with lung cancer February 03, 2020 2:29 PM Triple H sends this WWE championship belt to Chiefs for use in Super Bowl parade February 03, 2020 2:04 PM A day later, Chiefs Andy Reid, Patrick Mahomes still absorbing Super Bowl victory February 03, 2020 1:03 PM Trump trial closing arguments aim at voters, history February 03, 2020 12:41 PM More in Latest Len Dawson and Patrick Mahomes: Two quarterbacks who led Chiefs to Super Bowl in different eras January 29, 2020 5:53 PM Snow, not rain, might fall upon the Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl victory parade, celebration February 03, 2020 2:25 PM Fans celebrate, fireworks light up Kansas City as the Chiefs win Super Bowl LIV February 02, 2020 9:38 PM View more videos Local News at Your Fingertips Get unlimited digital access for just 3. 99 a month to #ReadLocal anytime, on any device. GET OFFER Chiefs Patrick Mahomes tweets video encapsulating his road to a Super Bowl title February 03, 2020 11:12 AM More in Sports After Super Bowl victory, Josh Hawley introduces Senate resolution to honor the Chiefs February 03, 2020 10:13 AM More in Local Video media Created with Sketch. Nation & world Heres where Vegas odds put the Democratic candidates ahead of the Iowa caucuses February 03, 2020 10:35 AM Joe Biden receives surge of support from donors of former 2020 rivals February 02, 2020 4:00 AM More in Nation & World Chiefs win the Super Bowl, but this team won Kansas Citys heart long ago February 02, 2020 9:17 PM Will licenses to grow and sell medical marijuana in Missouri go to the highest bidder? February 03, 2020 5:00 AM Electricity customers in Kansas and Missouri could be the losers in battle over Evergy More in Opinion In Depth ‘Can I afford staying in Kansas? Soaring property taxes prompt calls for state help Property taxes are too high, Kansas politicians agree. How to help homeowners is another matter. Blogs & Columns Here is how newspapers across the country covered Chiefs Super Bowl victory February 03, 2020 10:33 AM Trending stories Trump congratulates Chiefs for representing ‘the Great State of Kansas February 02, 2020 9:51 PM Kansas City to hold Chiefs Super Bowl parade on Wednesday, with rally downtown President Trump tweets Super Bowl congratulations to Chiefs — and the state of Kansas February 02, 2020 9:42 PM Photo gallery: Chiefs fans endure roller coaster ride to Super Bowl victory February 03, 2020 3:19 AM Photo gallery: Chiefs fans get fired up for Super Bowl at pep rally in Miami February 01, 2020 11:21 PM McClatchy editorial cartoons for the week of Jan. 27, 2020 January 31, 2020 3:22 PM View all galleries Music News & Reviews Miranda Lambert, coming to KC, doesnt mean to offend. Shes ‘a little too honest Country music star Miranda Lambert will perform at the Sprint Center in Kansas City in support of her latest album, “Wildcard. ” She talks about Nashville, New York, her music, her two marriages and fame. More in Music News & Reviews Entertainment ‘I was up until 4 a. m. last night. Shakira and JLo spill details on Half Time show January 30, 2020 2:14 PM More in Entertainment Books She wanted to write about the night she was raped. So she interviewed her rapist January 31, 2020 5:00 AM More in Books Copyright Commenting Policy Privacy Policy Terms of Service.

And the anxiety begins. More from The Star ANCYL slams Judge Dhaya Pillay over Jacob Zumas warrant of arrest The ANCYL's national task team has slammed Judge Dhaya Pillay for rejecting a sick note presented by former President Jacob Zuma to prove that he is sick, hence unable to come to court. 10h ago, Politics Absa enlists help of guide dogs to assist visually impaired clients at ATMs South African Guide-Dogs Association for the Blind and Absa formalised a relationship that will see guide dogs undergo training to assist visually impaired customers at ATMs 10h ago, News Teen, 16, accused of shooting and killing his grandfather during heated argument At some point during the argument, the teenager allegedly went to his grandfather's room, grabbed a pellet gun, went to the grandfather and shot him outside their flat. 11h ago, News What to do when your company is restructuring When a company announces a restructure the first to experience the pressure are the employees, says the writer. 12h ago, Opinion & Analysis.

It contains the star Altair. The star child. No officer, I wasn't looking at the stars, I was looking at the space between the stars. Then why did I see you gazing up at that reddish one, there? Officer. that's Mars... Gome drama the starry night sub indo. “shoot for the moon. even if you miss you'll land among the stars”.

God help you. Who named the star Betelgeuse. Does the star aldorande exist. Where is the star cave. Toronto 2030 Toronto is facing a shortage of skilled workers. A North Carolina experiment may be the solution to bridging the talent gap As Toronto heads toward megacity status, the types of workers we need are changing. How governments, industry and schools can work together to ensure peoples skills match the citys needs by 2030. What color is the star Denebola. What is the starting salary for a Lawyer. Fracas as woman demands child upkeep from MP Kutuny "Scene was visited and situation controlled. 2h ago STAR REPORTER Top 5 @ 5: Kutuny child support drama, celebrity elephant. The stories making headlines on the Star this evening. 9m ago STAR EDITOR News Migori pupil chokes to death as he tries to swallow mandazi Fellow colleagues reported that the deceased could not talk and was gasping for breath. 1h ago Manuel Odeny News Tim, the celebrity elephant with massive tusks, dies at 50 Tim died in Mada area of Amboseli National Park at the age of 50. 51m ago GILBERT KOECH News Mzee Moi never feared death, Gideon says "Mzee always told me that to accept life you must accept death. he said. 2h ago NANCY AGUTU News Garissa risks losing county property over Sh221. 3m debt Takaful Insurance says it suffered massive losses after county defaulted on payment of. 38m ago FAITH NYASUGUTA North Eastern Inside Mzee Mois business empire List of property, investments owned or co-owned by the family and its partners is endless. 23h ago MARTIN MWITA News WATCH EPL LIVE Magoha feels heat after 'insensitive. 12h ago Corridors of Power Ex-UoN official behind top leadership war? 1d ago Corridors of Power Kakamega pupils were in class four and five - School 2h ago News The president's children: the Moi siblings 9h ago News Moi's 4-month fight for his life in hospital 12h ago News Moi was the father of devolution - CoG vice chair Wa Iria 3h ago News Moi was tough but made decisions at the right time - Orengo 4h ago News Kenyan-based one-handed photographer: I prove people wrong 5h ago Africa Magoha feels heat after 'insensitive' Kakamega school remark 12h ago Corridors of Power Health cover vital but oft neglected Most people dont know why its important to buy medical insurance, how it works. 13h ago Nixon Shigoli Gender parity rattles boy-child Tokenism should not be the lot of this majority. 13h ago Columnists OKECH KENDO Long-term mental effects of FGM not addressed enough Girls who have undergone the process have episodes of depression. 17h ago Star Blogs Venoranda Rebecca Kuboka Duty to reform the nation lies solely on Wanjiku–not BBI All of citizens' demands cannot be collected at a rally, report not people-driven. 17h ago Star Blogs John Ouma Long-term mental effects of FGM not addressed enough Girls who have undergone the process have episodes of depression. 17h ago Star Blogs John Ouma Schools should have crowd control policy for emergencies Death of 14 pupils of Kakamega school would have been saved with order at the stairs. 17h ago Star Blogs EDWIN KARIUKI Cars for Sale Jobs Properties for Rent Properties for Sale Services Pets Most Popular Magoha feels heat after 'insensitive. 12h ago Corridors of Power Mt Kenya: History will repeat itself in 2022 1d ago Columnists Raila's BBI remark shocks Kenyans 2d ago Corridors of Power Ex-UoN official behind top leadership war? 1d ago Corridors of Power Furious MP storms TSC offices over teacher shortage 19h ago North Eastern WhatsApp to stop working on millions of phones 3d ago Technology Most Watched Cartoon 05 February 2020 Sign up for the free Star email newsletter and receive the latest Kenya news daily. PS: Please sign up again if your subscription recently stopped unexpectedly. World Trump hails 'American comeback' in Congress speech House Speaker Nancy Pelosi ripped up a copy of his speech behind him. 7h ago BBC NEWS World China accuses US of whipping up panic over coronavirus 2d ago World Recording shows Iran 'knew it had shot down plane' 2d ago World Somalia declares emergency over locust swarms 2d ago World Big Read Tiny lump that changed my life - cancer survivor Some 32, 000 out of 47, 000 Kenyans who get cancer every year die from the disease 1d ago MARTIN FUNDI Big Read Your risk of getting cancer 1d ago Big Read Desert locusts: Aerial spraying threatens useful insects 2d ago Big Read Wandayi: The PAC chair who got counties set for Sh100bn more 2d ago Big Read Counties Garissa risks losing county property over Sh221. 38m ago FAITH NYASUGUTA North Eastern Migori pupil chokes to death as he tries to swallow mandazi 1h ago News Kitui Kanu leaders join Kenyans in mourning Moi 18h ago Counties Floods wreak havoc in Nyanza counties, driving thousands. 19h ago Nyanza SASA Mzungu Kichaa marks 10 years in music industry He is using the occasion to reintroduce himself 17h ago ELIZABETH MUSYIMI Word Is Celebrities pay tribute to late President Moi 17h ago Word Is Ben Pol, Gucci Mane collabo loading? 17h ago Word Is Layonn debuts the year with 'You Are' 17h ago Word Is How English, French and Arabic easily blend in Algeria Last week in Algiers I had a unique opportunity to watch language in action. Our hosts were the most modern GSM. 13h ago CHRIS HARRISON KRA starts crackdown on water, soft drinks The taxman has commenced its operation with major retail stores and supermarkets across. 13h ago MARTIN MWITA Kenya Business community in Kenya mourns Moi Business magnate Cris Kirubi said Kenya has lost a statesman and servant leader. 13h ago VICTOR AMADALA Kenya Financial institutions urged to invest in cybersecurity Praises African countries for technological advancement, especially on cloud computing. 18h ago Laura Cheptarus Business MILK PRICES 19h ago Kenya Government sets new rules for taxi hailing. 23h ago News Inside Mzee Mois business empire 23h ago News East Africa business community mourns Moi 1d ago Kenya Shilling strengthen on interest rate cap scrap Commercial banks quoted the shilling at an average of 102. 50 yesterday 2mo ago Markets ELIZABETH KIVUVA [PHOTOS] Butichi casts his vote amid low turn out Low turn out has been witnessed in Kibra constituency 2mo ago News KEVIN CHERUIYOT and BENJAMIN IMENDE Why banks setting interest rates is good for Kenya - Duale Duale said the capping Bill of 2016 has negatively affected the economy. 2mo ago News KEVIN CHERUIYOT How English, French and Arabic easily blend. 13h ago Commentary Why you need to guard your online footprint •Fingerprinting is used by advertisers to track your online activities letting them build. 2d ago Commentary CHARLES OKWEMBAH How ethics affects business performance For Africa to truly move forward, entrepreneurs and business leaders must see the need. 5d ago Commentary SAMUEL MPAMUGOSamuelMpamugo Central Bank Cryptocurrencies Central banks have shifted their policy from the opposition of digital currencies, to. 6d ago Commentary KAREN KANDIE Affordable housing project attracts Sh3. 8mo ago Living Spaces World Bank housing loan to lock out poor Kenyans The facility will allow borrowers to repay the loan at between three, seven and 15 years. 8mo ago Living Spaces VICTOR AMADALA Landlords stare at empty rooms as demand drops Empty residential houses in Lavington, General Mathenge Road and TRM 10mo ago Living Spaces VICTOR AMADALA Saudi sacks housing minister as shortage bites Saudi Arabias King Salman replaced the housing minister last week after pledging to. 4yr ago Living Spaces REUTERS Sakwa to lead newly elected NSL Governing council office Nine matches will be played this weekend, with promotion chase taking shape. 7m ago FRANCIS WADEGU Newly formed university league attract 10 teams Mavisi played in the Premier league with Strathmore University and varsity basketball at. 12m ago STEFFANY NDEI Sports South African coaches to help Kenya U- 20 in preps for. Chipu who are the defending champions will open their campaign against Zambia. 12h ago WILLIAM NJUGUNA Sports Leopards, Tusker dealt blow as match venues are switched Title chasing KCB and Kariobangi Sharks were also set to be affected by the. 12h ago MESHACK KISENGE Football Omuse ditches bankers for league champion GSU 12h ago Sports CS Amina, AK and Nock lead sports fraternity in mourning Moi 12h ago Sports NO pain, no gain for 'Hit Squad' boxing team 12h ago Boxing Sampdoria fightback in vain as Napoli snatch late goals 17h ago Football McIlroy to return to world number one 17h ago Golf Russias suspended federation officials resign amid scandal 17h ago Athletics City need to win Champions League for successful season. 17h ago Football Serena needs to ‘face reality, says coach Mouratoglou 17h ago Tennis I can beat Hamilton with the right car, says Verstappen 17h ago Sports Sakwa to lead newly elected NSL Governing council office Nine matches will be played this weekend, with promotion chase taking shape. 7m ago Football FRANCIS WADEGU Newly formed university league attract 10 teams Mavisi played in the Premier league with Strathmore University and varsity basketball at. 12m ago Sports STEFFANY NDEI South African coaches to help Kenya U- 20 in preps for. 12h ago Sports WILLIAM NJUGUNA Leopards, Tusker dealt blow as match venues are switched Title chasing KCB and Kariobangi Sharks were also set to be affected by the. 12h ago Football MESHACK KISENGE Omuse ditches bankers for league champion GSU Baldev Chager and Ravi Soni-Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution 12h ago Sports CONSOLATA MAKOKHA CS Amina, AK and Nock lead sports fraternity in mourning Moi N0C-K said this being an Olympic year, they will work hard to pay fitting tribute to Mzee. 12h ago Sports BY FRANCIS WADEGU Editor's Pick A garbage mountain overlooks traders selling foodstuffs at Muthurwa Market. ANDREW KASUKU Moi at Sunshine Secondary school BBI: Moment Of Truth BBI retains powerful President who appoints Prime Minister BBI team says its report contains proposals in line with the views presented by Kenyans. 2mo ago OLIVER MATHENGE News Inside the radical proposals of the BBI team Team recommends return of Prime Minister with limited powers. 2mo ago FELIX OLICK News IEBC's new look under BBI Chairperson to be handed more powers by doubling up as the Commission's CEO. 2mo ago KEVIN CHERUIYOT News BBI proposes MP, MCA sitting allowances be abolished High Court reinstated perks last year after the SRC scrapped them in 2017. 2mo ago GIDEON KETER News Nine key issues BBI report addresses Uhuru has invited 100 leaders from 47 counties for public release on Wednesday. 2mo ago LYNDSAY NYAWIRA News BBI proposals will not lead to a referendum – Duale Says referendum will definitely be divisive, with winners and losers. 2mo ago PATRICK VIDIJA News BBI: Lock civil servants out of state tenders Team recommends annual wealth declaration forms by public and state officers be made. 2mo ago GIDEON KETER News How Uhuru-Raila power struggle birthed BBI The BBI team was tasked, through public participation, to propose lasting solutions. 2mo ago NANCY AGUTU News Uhuru: We are coming to the ground with BBI To traverse the country to rally support for the Building Bridges Initiative report. 3mo ago GEORGE OWITI AND GIBLERT KOECH News Anxiety across political divide ahead of BBI report release Murathe has accused Ruto and his allies of wanting to dictate the BBI outcome. 4mo ago IMENDE BENJAMIN News BBI is a historic moment for honest debate on Kenyas future BBI should not be seen as a political campaign. 2mo ago Kingori Choto Star Blogs Ruto to Raila: Tell BBI changes you need Ruto says BBI meant only to appease Opposition chief Raila. 4mo ago STAR REPORTER AND DPPS News We'll reject BBI if it frustrates devolution - Ruto allies Leaders questioned if the BBI team got genuine views from Kenyans. 3mo ago KEVIN CHERUIYOT News Publish BBI report swiftly, say Mt Kenya bosses Sharp reactions from Mt Kenya over the BBI signal unease in the President's backyard. 3mo ago JAMES MBAKA News Uhuru on BBI: I don't want a post, I'm tired BBI will ensure that Kenyans do not spill blood anymore, Uhuru said. 3mo ago NANCY AGUTU News Raila to Ruto: Don't get jittery over BBI report Raila criticized Ruto and his allies for rejecting the BBI report before its made public. 3mo ago ALPHONCE GARI News How BBI became Uhuru's poisoned chalice Ever since its formation, the BBI has become the target of political pun. 3mo ago OCHIENG' KANYADUDI Siasa Mt Kenya legislators vow to reject parliamentary system The leaders will hold a meeting after BBI releases its findings and state their position. 3mo ago JULIUS OTIENO News 10 politicians turn heat on Ruto over BBI remarks Proponents of BBI irked by Ruto's remarks on the initiative. 4mo ago ALLAN KISIA News Delayed BBI report release triggers jitters Silem murmurs in Raila's camp that Uhuru's backyard could be in a discrete plan to reject. 2mo ago JAMES MBAKA Siasa President Uhuru's BBI headache President faces dilemma over releasing BBI report and massive backyard rebellion. 2mo ago JAMES MBAKA News BBI report to be made public on Wednesday BBI taskforce concluded its findings last month. 2mo ago KEVIN CHERUIYOT News BBI: Big win for women eyeing governor positions Governor and deputy governor should be of the opposite sex 2mo ago ALLAN KISIA News Counties to get 35% of national revenue in BBI proposal Counties should be maintained as the focus of development implementation. 2mo ago ALLAN KISIA News Ruto, Raila on the side of peace, back BBI They have been seen to be on the opposite sides of the handshake. 2mo ago OLIVER MATHENGE News December 26 proposed as National Culture Day Day to be set aside to celebrate Kenyas diverse cultures 2mo ago GIDEON KETER News Tax base to become broader if BBI proposals adopted However, it recommends overall tax be made low. 2mo ago ALLAN KISIA News THE STAR DATA HUB Mercury, lead found in sukuma wiki samples You are better off buying sukuma wiki from local market than Supermarket. 8mo ago AGATHA NGOTHO Star Farmer EXCLUSIVE: When poor planning increases pollution Walkabout with a mobile sensor showed serious levels of air pollution 10mo ago PATRICK VIDIJA Watchdog EXCLUSIVE: Sickening water rocks three counties Lab tests by the Star have established high levels of bacteria. 10mo ago PATRICK VIDIJA Watchdog Mukuru fumes put 60 asthma patients a month in hospital As we wait to be let into Maendeleo Learning Centre, smoke drifts over from the chimney. 1yr ago By PATRICK VIDIJA @vidijapatrick Watchdog.

How the star form. About the Show "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" made its debut from Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center on Feb. 17, 2014. Emmy Award- and Grammy Award-winning comedian Jimmy Fallon brings a high-tempo energy to the storied NBC franchise with his welcoming interview style, love of audience participation, spot-on impersonations and innovative sketches. For almost 60 years, The Tonight Show" has been an American television institution home to big-name celebrity guests and top musical and comedic talent. Taking a cue from predecessors, including hosts Johnny Carson and Jay Leno, Fallon carries on the tradition audiences know and love. Known for his huge online presence, Fallon also brings along many popular segments, celeb sketches and musical parodies that fans have grown to love on "Late Night. including Hashtags, Thank You Notes and Slow Jam the News. The critically praised Grammy-winning group The Roots serves as "The Tonight Show" house band. From Universal Television and Broadway Video, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" is executive produced by Lorne Michaels. It tapes before a live studio audience. More.

The star frisco restaurants. Yahusha didn't die on a Friday. He died on a Wednesday, on Passover. Passover is a High Sabbath. 3 Days & 3 Nights later, He raised Himself from Death on the 1st Day. 1 day after the regular Sabbath. What is the Star Wars series order. This article is about the astronomical object. For other uses, see Star (disambiguation. A star is an astronomical object consisting of a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night, appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth. Historically, the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms, the brightest of which gained proper names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations. The observable Universe contains an estimated 1 × 10 24 stars, 1] 2] but most are invisible to the naked eye from Earth, including all stars outside our galaxy, the Milky Way. For at least a portion of its life, a star shines due to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core, releasing energy that traverses the star's interior and then radiates into outer space. Almost all naturally occurring elements heavier than helium are created by stellar nucleosynthesis during the star's lifetime, and for some stars by supernova nucleosynthesis when it explodes. Near the end of its life, a star can also contain degenerate matter. Astronomers can determine the mass, age, metallicity (chemical composition) and many other properties of a star by observing its motion through space, its luminosity, and spectrum respectively. The total mass of a star is the main factor that determines its evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star, including diameter and temperature, change over its life, while the star's environment affects its rotation and movement. A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities produces a plot known as a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (H–R diagram. Plotting a particular star on that diagram allows the age and evolutionary state of that star to be determined. A star's life begins with the gravitational collapse of a gaseous nebula of material composed primarily of hydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements. When the stellar core is sufficiently dense, hydrogen becomes steadily converted into helium through nuclear fusion, releasing energy in the process. [3] The remainder of the star's interior carries energy away from the core through a combination of radiative and convective heat transfer processes. The star's internal pressure prevents it from collapsing further under its own gravity. A star with mass greater than 0. 4 times the Sun's will expand to become a red giant when the hydrogen fuel in its core is exhausted. [4] In some cases, it will fuse heavier elements at the core or in shells around the core. As the star expands it throws a part of its mass, enriched with those heavier elements, into the interstellar environment, to be recycled later as new stars. [5] Meanwhile, the core becomes a stellar remnant: a white dwarf, a neutron star, or, if it is sufficiently massive, a black hole. Binary and multi-star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound and generally move around each other in stable orbits. When two such stars have a relatively close orbit, their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution. [6] Stars can form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure, such as a star cluster or a galaxy. Observation history People have interpreted patterns and images in the stars since ancient times. [7] This 1690 depiction of the constellation of Leo, the lion, is by Johannes Hevelius. [8] The constellation of Leo as it can be seen by the naked eye. Lines have been added. Historically, stars have been important to civilizations throughout the world. They have been part of religious practices and used for celestial navigation and orientation. Many ancient astronomers believed that stars were permanently affixed to a heavenly sphere and that they were immutable. By convention, astronomers grouped stars into constellations and used them to track the motions of the planets and the inferred position of the Sun. [7] The motion of the Sun against the background stars (and the horizon) was used to create calendars, which could be used to regulate agricultural practices. [9] The Gregorian calendar, currently used nearly everywhere in the world, is a solar calendar based on the angle of the Earth's rotational axis relative to its local star, the Sun. The oldest accurately dated star chart was the result of ancient Egyptian astronomy in 1534 BC. [10] The earliest known star catalogues were compiled by the ancient Babylonian astronomers of Mesopotamia in the late 2nd millennium BC, during the Kassite Period (c. 1531–1155 BC. 11] The first star catalogue in Greek astronomy was created by Aristillus in approximately 300 BC, with the help of Timocharis. [12] The star catalog of Hipparchus (2nd century BC) included 1020 stars, and was used to assemble Ptolemy 's star catalogue. [13] Hipparchus is known for the discovery of the first recorded nova (new star. 14] Many of the constellations and star names in use today derive from Greek astronomy. In spite of the apparent immutability of the heavens, Chinese astronomers were aware that new stars could appear. [15] In 185 AD, they were the first to observe and write about a supernova, now known as the SN 185. [16] The brightest stellar event in recorded history was the SN 1006 supernova, which was observed in 1006 and written about by the Egyptian astronomer Ali ibn Ridwan and several Chinese astronomers. [17] The SN 1054 supernova, which gave birth to the Crab Nebula, was also observed by Chinese and Islamic astronomers. [18] 19] 20] Medieval Islamic astronomers gave Arabic names to many stars that are still used today and they invented numerous astronomical instruments that could compute the positions of the stars. They built the first large observatory research institutes, mainly for the purpose of producing Zij star catalogues. [21] Among these, the Book of Fixed Stars (964) was written by the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, who observed a number of stars, star clusters (including the Omicron Velorum and Brocchi's Clusters) and galaxies (including the Andromeda Galaxy. 22] According to A. Zahoor, in the 11th century, the Persian polymath scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni described the Milky Way galaxy as a multitude of fragments having the properties of nebulous stars, and also gave the latitudes of various stars during a lunar eclipse in 1019. [23] According to Josep Puig, the Andalusian astronomer Ibn Bajjah proposed that the Milky Way was made up of many stars that almost touched one another and appeared to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction from sublunary material, citing his observation of the conjunction of Jupiter and Mars on 500 AH (1106/1107 AD) as evidence. [24] Early European astronomers such as Tycho Brahe identified new stars in the night sky (later termed novae) suggesting that the heavens were not immutable. In 1584, Giordano Bruno suggested that the stars were like the Sun, and may have other planets, possibly even Earth-like, in orbit around them, 25] an idea that had been suggested earlier by the ancient Greek philosophers, Democritus and Epicurus, 26] and by medieval Islamic cosmologists [27] such as Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. [28] By the following century, the idea of the stars being the same as the Sun was reaching a consensus among astronomers. To explain why these stars exerted no net gravitational pull on the Solar System, Isaac Newton suggested that the stars were equally distributed in every direction, an idea prompted by the theologian Richard Bentley. [29] The Italian astronomer Geminiano Montanari recorded observing variations in luminosity of the star Algol in 1667. Edmond Halley published the first measurements of the proper motion of a pair of nearby "fixed" stars, demonstrating that they had changed positions since the time of the ancient Greek astronomers Ptolemy and Hipparchus. [25] William Herschel was the first astronomer to attempt to determine the distribution of stars in the sky. During the 1780s, he established a series of gauges in 600 directions and counted the stars observed along each line of sight. From this he deduced that the number of stars steadily increased toward one side of the sky, in the direction of the Milky Way core. His son John Herschel repeated this study in the southern hemisphere and found a corresponding increase in the same direction. [30] In addition to his other accomplishments, William Herschel is also noted for his discovery that some stars do not merely lie along the same line of sight, but are also physical companions that form binary star systems. The science of stellar spectroscopy was pioneered by Joseph von Fraunhofer and Angelo Secchi. By comparing the spectra of stars such as Sirius to the Sun, they found differences in the strength and number of their absorption lines —the dark lines in stellar spectra caused by the atmosphere's absorption of specific frequencies. In 1865, Secchi began classifying stars into spectral types. [31] However, the modern version of the stellar classification scheme was developed by Annie J. Cannon during the 1900s. The first direct measurement of the distance to a star ( 61 Cygni at 11. 4 light-years) was made in 1838 by Friedrich Bessel using the parallax technique. Parallax measurements demonstrated the vast separation of the stars in the heavens. [25] Observation of double stars gained increasing importance during the 19th century. In 1834, Friedrich Bessel observed changes in the proper motion of the star Sirius and inferred a hidden companion. Edward Pickering discovered the first spectroscopic binary in 1899 when he observed the periodic splitting of the spectral lines of the star Mizar in a 104-day period. Detailed observations of many binary star systems were collected by astronomers such as Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve and S. W. Burnham, allowing the masses of stars to be determined from computation of orbital elements. The first solution to the problem of deriving an orbit of binary stars from telescope observations was made by Felix Savary in 1827. [32] The twentieth century saw increasingly rapid advances in the scientific study of stars. The photograph became a valuable astronomical tool. Karl Schwarzschild discovered that the color of a star and, hence, its temperature, could be determined by comparing the visual magnitude against the photographic magnitude. The development of the photoelectric photometer allowed precise measurements of magnitude at multiple wavelength intervals. In 1921 Albert A. Michelson made the first measurements of a stellar diameter using an interferometer on the Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. [33] Important theoretical work on the physical structure of stars occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century. In 1913, the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram was developed, propelling the astrophysical study of stars. Successful models were developed to explain the interiors of stars and stellar evolution. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin first proposed that stars were made primarily of hydrogen and helium in her 1925 PhD thesis. [34] The spectra of stars were further understood through advances in quantum physics. This allowed the chemical composition of the stellar atmosphere to be determined. [35] With the exception of supernovae, individual stars have primarily been observed in the Local Group, 36] and especially in the visible part of the Milky Way (as demonstrated by the detailed star catalogues available for our galaxy. 37] But some stars have been observed in the M100 galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, about 100 million light years from the Earth. [38] In the Local Supercluster it is possible to see star clusters, and current telescopes could in principle observe faint individual stars in the Local Group [39] see Cepheids. However, outside the Local Supercluster of galaxies, neither individual stars nor clusters of stars have been observed. The only exception is a faint image of a large star cluster containing hundreds of thousands of stars located at a distance of one billion light years [40] —ten times further than the most distant star cluster previously observed. In February 2018, astronomers reported, for the first time, a signal of the reionization epoch, an indirect detection of light from the earliest stars formed—about 180 million years after the Big Bang. [41] In April, 2018, astronomers reported the detection of the most distant "ordinary" i. e., main sequence) star, named Icarus (formally, MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1) at 9 billion light-years away from Earth. [42] 43] In May 2018, astronomers reported the detection of the most distant oxygen ever detected in the Universe—and the most distant galaxy ever observed by Atacama Large Millimeter Array or the Very Large Telescope —with the team inferring that the signal was emitted 13. 3 billion years ago (or 500 million years after the Big Bang. They found that the observed brightness of the galaxy is well-explained by a model where the onset of star formation corresponds to only 250 million years after the Universe began, corresponding to a redshift of about 15. [44] Designations The concept of a constellation was known to exist during the Babylonian period. Ancient sky watchers imagined that prominent arrangements of stars formed patterns, and they associated these with particular aspects of nature or their myths. Twelve of these formations lay along the band of the ecliptic and these became the basis of astrology. [45] Many of the more prominent individual stars were also given names, particularly with Arabic or Latin designations. As well as certain constellations and the Sun itself, individual stars have their own myths. [46] To the Ancient Greeks, some "stars" known as planets (Greek πλανήτης (planētēs) meaning "wanderer. represented various important deities, from which the names of the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were taken. [46. Uranus and Neptune were also Greek and Roman gods, but neither planet was known in Antiquity because of their low brightness. Their names were assigned by later astronomers. ) Circa 1600, the names of the constellations were used to name the stars in the corresponding regions of the sky. The German astronomer Johann Bayer created a series of star maps and applied Greek letters as designations to the stars in each constellation. Later a numbering system based on the star's right ascension was invented and added to John Flamsteed 's star catalogue in his book "Historia coelestis Britannica" the 1712 edition) whereby this numbering system came to be called Flamsteed designation or Flamsteed numbering. [47] 48] The only internationally recognized authority for naming celestial bodies is the International Astronomical Union (IAU. 49] The International Astronomical Union maintains the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) 50] which catalogs and standardizes proper names for stars. A number of private companies sell names of stars, which the British Library calls an unregulated commercial enterprise. [51] 52] The IAU has disassociated itself from this commercial practice, and these names are neither recognized by the IAU, professional astronomers, nor the amateur astronomy community. [53] One such star-naming company is the International Star Registry, which, during the 1980s, was accused of deceptive practice for making it appear that the assigned name was official. This now-discontinued ISR practice was informally labeled a scam and a fraud, 54] 55] 56] 57] and the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection issued a violation against ISR for engaging in a deceptive trade practice. [58] 59] Units of measurement Although stellar parameters can be expressed in SI units or CGS units, it is often most convenient to express mass, luminosity, and radii in solar units, based on the characteristics of the Sun. In 2015, the IAU defined a set of nominal solar values (defined as SI constants, without uncertainties) which can be used for quoting stellar parameters: The solar mass M ⊙ was not explicitly defined by the IAU due to the large relative uncertainty (10 −4) of the Newtonian gravitational constant G. However, since the product of the Newtonian gravitational constant and solar mass together (GM ⊙) has been determined to much greater precision, the IAU defined the nominal solar mass parameter to be: nominal solar mass parameter: GM ⊙ = 1. 3271244 × 10 20 m 3 s −2 [60] However, one can combine the nominal solar mass parameter with the most recent (2014) CODATA estimate of the Newtonian gravitational constant G to derive the solar mass to be approximately 1. 9885 × 10 30 kg. Although the exact values for the luminosity, radius, mass parameter, and mass may vary slightly in the future due to observational uncertainties, the 2015 IAU nominal constants will remain the same SI values as they remain useful measures for quoting stellar parameters. Large lengths, such as the radius of a giant star or the semi-major axis of a binary star system, are often expressed in terms of the astronomical unit —approximately equal to the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun (150 million km or approximately 93 million miles. In 2012, the IAU defined the astronomical constant to be an exact length in meters: 149, 597, 870, 700 m. [60] Formation and evolution Stellar evolution of low-mass (left cycle) and high-mass (right cycle) stars, with examples in italics Stars condense from regions of space of higher matter density, yet those regions are less dense than within a vacuum chamber. These regions—known as molecular clouds —consist mostly of hydrogen, with about 23 to 28 percent helium and a few percent heavier elements. One example of such a star-forming region is the Orion Nebula. [61] Most stars form in groups of dozens to hundreds of thousands of stars. [62] Massive stars in these groups may powerfully illuminate those clouds, ionizing the hydrogen, and creating H II regions. Such feedback effects, from star formation, may ultimately disrupt the cloud and prevent further star formation. All stars spend the majority of their existence as main sequence stars, fueled primarily by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium within their cores. However, stars of different masses have markedly different properties at various stages of their development. The ultimate fate of more massive stars differs from that of less massive stars, as do their luminosities and the impact they have on their environment. Accordingly, astronomers often group stars by their mass: 63] Very low mass stars, with masses below 0. 5 M ☉, are fully convective and distribute helium evenly throughout the whole star while on the main sequence. Therefore, they never undergo shell burning, never become red giants, which cease fusing and become helium white dwarfs and slowly cool after exhausting their hydrogen. [64] However, as the lifetime of 0. 5  M ☉ stars is longer than the age of the universe, no such star has yet reached the white dwarf stage. Low mass stars (including the Sun) with a mass between 0. 5  M ☉ and 1. 8–2. 5  M ☉ depending on composition, do become red giants as their core hydrogen is depleted and they begin to burn helium in core in a helium flash; they develop a degenerate carbon-oxygen core later on the asymptotic giant branch; they finally blow off their outer shell as a planetary nebula and leave behind their core in the form of a white dwarf. Intermediate-mass stars, between 1. 5  M ☉ and 5–10  M ☉, pass through evolutionary stages similar to low mass stars, but after a relatively short period on the red giant branch they ignite helium without a flash and spend an extended period in the red clump before forming a degenerate carbon-oxygen core. Massive stars generally have a minimum mass of 7–10  M ☉ (possibly as low as 5–6  M ☉. After exhausting the hydrogen at the core these stars become supergiants and go on to fuse elements heavier than helium. They end their lives when their cores collapse and they explode as supernovae. Star formation The formation of a star begins with gravitational instability within a molecular cloud, caused by regions of higher density—often triggered by compression of clouds by radiation from massive stars, expanding bubbles in the interstellar medium, the collision of different molecular clouds, or the collision of galaxies (as in a starburst galaxy. 65] 66] When a region reaches a sufficient density of matter to satisfy the criteria for Jeans instability, it begins to collapse under its own gravitational force. [67] Artist's conception of the birth of a star within a dense molecular cloud. As the cloud collapses, individual conglomerations of dense dust and gas form " Bok globules. As a globule collapses and the density increases, the gravitational energy converts into heat and the temperature rises. When the protostellar cloud has approximately reached the stable condition of hydrostatic equilibrium, a protostar forms at the core. [68] These pre-main-sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by the conversion of gravitational energy. The period of gravitational contraction lasts about 10 to 15 million years. A cluster of approximately 500 young stars lies within the nearby W40 stellar nursery. Early stars of less than 2 M ☉ are called T Tauri stars, while those with greater mass are Herbig Ae/Be stars. These newly formed stars emit jets of gas along their axis of rotation, which may reduce the angular momentum of the collapsing star and result in small patches of nebulosity known as Herbig–Haro objects. [69] 70] These jets, in combination with radiation from nearby massive stars, may help to drive away the surrounding cloud from which the star was formed. [71] Early in their development, T Tauri stars follow the Hayashi track —they contract and decrease in luminosity while remaining at roughly the same temperature. Less massive T Tauri stars follow this track to the main sequence, while more massive stars turn onto the Henyey track. Most stars are observed to be members of binary star systems, and the properties of those binaries are the result of the conditions in which they formed. [72] A gas cloud must lose its angular momentum in order to collapse and form a star. The fragmentation of the cloud into multiple stars distributes some of that angular momentum. The primordial binaries transfer some angular momentum by gravitational interactions during close encounters with other stars in young stellar clusters. These interactions tend to split apart more widely separated (soft) binaries while causing hard binaries to become more tightly bound. This produces the separation of binaries into their two observed populations distributions. Main sequence Stars spend about 90% of their existence fusing hydrogen into helium in high-temperature and high-pressure reactions near the core. Such stars are said to be on the main sequence, and are called dwarf stars. Starting at zero-age main sequence, the proportion of helium in a star's core will steadily increase, the rate of nuclear fusion at the core will slowly increase, as will the star's temperature and luminosity. [73] The Sun, for example, is estimated to have increased in luminosity by about 40% since it reached the main sequence 4. 6 billion (4. 6 × 10 9) years ago. [74] Every star generates a stellar wind of particles that causes a continual outflow of gas into space. For most stars, the mass lost is negligible. The Sun loses 10 −14 M ☉ every year, 75] or about 0. 01% of its total mass over its entire lifespan. However, very massive stars can lose 10 −7 to 10 −5 M ☉ each year, significantly affecting their evolution. [76] Stars that begin with more than 50 M ☉ can lose over half their total mass while on the main sequence. [77] The time a star spends on the main sequence depends primarily on the amount of fuel it has and the rate at which it fuses it. The Sun is expected to live 10 billion (10 10) years. Massive stars consume their fuel very rapidly and are short-lived. Low mass stars consume their fuel very slowly. Stars less massive than 0. 25 M ☉, called red dwarfs, are able to fuse nearly all of their mass while stars of about 1 M ☉ can only fuse about 10% of their mass. The combination of their slow fuel-consumption and relatively large usable fuel supply allows low mass stars to last about one trillion (10 12) years; the most extreme of 0. 08 M ☉) will last for about 12 trillion years. Red dwarfs become hotter and more luminous as they accumulate helium. When they eventually run out of hydrogen, they contract into a white dwarf and decline in temperature. [64] However, since the lifespan of such stars is greater than the current age of the universe (13. 8 billion years) no stars under about 0. 85 M ☉ [78] are expected to have moved off the main sequence. Besides mass, the elements heavier than helium can play a significant role in the evolution of stars. Astronomers label all elements heavier than helium "metals" and call the chemical concentration of these elements in a star, its metallicity. A star's metallicity can influence the time the star takes to burn its fuel, and controls the formation of its magnetic fields, 79] which affects the strength of its stellar wind. [80] Older, population II stars have substantially less metallicity than the younger, population I stars due to the composition of the molecular clouds from which they formed. Over time, such clouds become increasingly enriched in heavier elements as older stars die and shed portions of their atmospheres. Post–main sequence As stars of at least 0. 4 M ☉ [4] exhaust their supply of hydrogen at their core, they start to fuse hydrogen in a shell outside the helium core. Their outer layers expand and cool greatly as they form a red giant. In about 5 billion years, when the Sun enters the helium burning phase, it will expand to a maximum radius of roughly 1 astronomical unit (150 million kilometres) 250 times its present size, and lose 30% of its current mass. [74] 81] As the hydrogen shell burning produces more helium, the core increases in mass and temperature. In a red giant of up to 2. 25 M ☉, the mass of the helium core becomes degenerate prior to helium fusion. Finally, when the temperature increases sufficiently, helium fusion begins explosively in what is called a helium flash, and the star rapidly shrinks in radius, increases its surface temperature, and moves to the horizontal branch of the HR diagram. For more massive stars, helium core fusion starts before the core becomes degenerate, and the star spends some time in the red clump, slowly burning helium, before the outer convective envelope collapses and the star then moves to the horizontal branch. [6] After the star has fused the helium of its core, the carbon product fuses producing a hot core with an outer shell of fusing helium. The star then follows an evolutionary path called the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) that parallels the other described red giant phase, but with a higher luminosity. The more massive AGB stars may undergo a brief period of carbon fusion before the core becomes degenerate. Massive stars During their helium-burning phase, a star of more than 9 solar masses expands to form first a blue and then a red supergiant. Particularly massive stars may evolve to a Wolf-Rayet star, characterised by spectra dominated by emission lines of elements heavier than hydrogen, which have reached the surface due to strong convection and intense mass loss. When helium is exhausted at the core of a massive star, the core contracts and the temperature and pressure rises enough to fuse carbon (see Carbon-burning process. This process continues, with the successive stages being fueled by neon (see neon-burning process) oxygen (see oxygen-burning process) and silicon (see silicon-burning process. Near the end of the star's life, fusion continues along a series of onion-layer shells within a massive star. Each shell fuses a different element, with the outermost shell fusing hydrogen; the next shell fusing helium, and so forth. [82] The final stage occurs when a massive star begins producing iron. Since iron nuclei are more tightly bound than any heavier nuclei, any fusion beyond iron does not produce a net release of energy. To a very limited degree such a process proceeds, but it consumes energy. Likewise, since they are more tightly bound than all lighter nuclei, such energy cannot be released by fission. [83] Collapse As a star's core shrinks, the intensity of radiation from that surface increases, creating such radiation pressure on the outer shell of gas that it will push those layers away, forming a planetary nebula. If what remains after the outer atmosphere has been shed is less than roughly 1. 4 M ☉, it shrinks to a relatively tiny object about the size of Earth, known as a white dwarf. White dwarfs lack the mass for further gravitational compression to take place. [84] The electron-degenerate matter inside a white dwarf is no longer a plasma, even though stars are generally referred to as being spheres of plasma. Eventually, white dwarfs fade into black dwarfs over a very long period of time. The Crab Nebula, remnants of a supernova that was first observed around 1050 AD In massive stars, fusion continues until the iron core has grown so large (more than 1. 4 M ☉) that it can no longer support its own mass. This core will suddenly collapse as its electrons are driven into its protons, forming neutrons, neutrinos, and gamma rays in a burst of electron capture and inverse beta decay. The shockwave formed by this sudden collapse causes the rest of the star to explode in a supernova. Supernovae become so bright that they may briefly outshine the star's entire home galaxy. When they occur within the Milky Way, supernovae have historically been observed by naked-eye observers as "new stars" where none seemingly existed before. [85] A supernova explosion blows away the star's outer layers, leaving a remnant such as the Crab Nebula. [85] The core is compressed into a neutron star, which sometimes manifests itself as a pulsar or X-ray burster. In the case of the largest stars, the remnant is a black hole greater than 4 M ☉. [86] In a neutron star the matter is in a state known as neutron-degenerate matter, with a more exotic form of degenerate matter, QCD matter, possibly present in the core. Within a black hole, the matter is in a state that is not currently understood. The blown-off outer layers of dying stars include heavy elements, which may be recycled during the formation of new stars. These heavy elements allow the formation of rocky planets. The outflow from supernovae and the stellar wind of large stars play an important part in shaping the interstellar medium. [85] Binary stars The post–main-sequence evolution of binary stars may be significantly different from the evolution of single stars of the same mass. If stars in a binary system are sufficiently close, when one of the stars expands to become a red giant it may overflow its Roche lobe, the region around a star where material is gravitationally bound to that star, leading to transfer of material to the other. When the Roche lobe is violated, a variety of phenomena can result, including contact binaries, common-envelope binaries, cataclysmic variables, and type Ia supernovae. Distribution Stars are not spread uniformly across the universe, but are normally grouped into galaxies along with interstellar gas and dust. A typical galaxy contains hundreds of billions of stars, and there are more than 2 trillion (10 12) galaxies. [87] Overall, there are as many as an estimated 1 × 10 24 stars [1] 2] more stars than all the grains of sand on planet Earth. 88] 89] 90] While it is often believed that stars only exist within galaxies, intergalactic stars have been discovered. [91] A multi-star system consists of two or more gravitationally bound stars that orbit each other. The simplest and most common multi-star system is a binary star, but systems of three or more stars are also found. For reasons of orbital stability, such multi-star systems are often organized into hierarchical sets of binary stars. [92] Larger groups called star clusters also exist. These range from loose stellar associations with only a few stars, up to enormous globular clusters with hundreds of thousands of stars. Such systems orbit their host galaxy. It has been a long-held assumption that the majority of stars occur in gravitationally bound, multiple-star systems. This is particularly true for very massive O and B class stars, where 80% of the stars are believed to be part of multiple-star systems. The proportion of single star systems increases with decreasing star mass, so that only 25% of red dwarfs are known to have stellar companions. As 85% of all stars are red dwarfs, most stars in the Milky Way are likely single from birth. [93] The nearest star to the Earth, apart from the Sun, is Proxima Centauri, which is 39. 9 trillion kilometres, or 4. 2 light-years. Travelling at the orbital speed of the Space Shuttle (8 kilometres per second—almost 30, 000 kilometres per hour) it would take about 150, 000 years to arrive. [94] This is typical of stellar separations in galactic discs. [95] Stars can be much closer to each other in the centres of galaxies and in globular clusters, or much farther apart in galactic halos. Due to the relatively vast distances between stars outside the galactic nucleus, collisions between stars are thought to be rare. In denser regions such as the core of globular clusters or the galactic center, collisions can be more common. [96] Such collisions can produce what are known as blue stragglers. These abnormal stars have a higher surface temperature than the other main sequence stars with the same luminosity of the cluster to which it belongs. [97] Characteristics Almost everything about a star is determined by its initial mass, including such characteristics as luminosity, size, evolution, lifespan, and its eventual fate. Age Most stars are between 1 billion and 10 billion years old. Some stars may even be close to 13. 8 billion years old—the observed age of the universe. The oldest star yet discovered, HD 140283, nicknamed Methuselah star, is an estimated 14. 46 0. 8 billion years old. [98] Due to the uncertainty in the value, this age for the star does not conflict with the age of the Universe, determined by the Planck satellite as 13. 799 0. 021. 98] 99] The more massive the star, the shorter its lifespan, primarily because massive stars have greater pressure on their cores, causing them to burn hydrogen more rapidly. The most massive stars last an average of a few million years, while stars of minimum mass (red dwarfs) burn their fuel very slowly and can last tens to hundreds of billions of years. [100] 101] Lifetimes of stages of stellar evolution in billions of years [102] Initial Mass ( M ☉) Main Sequence Subgiant First Red Giant Core He Burning 1. 0 7. 41 2. 63 1. 45 0. 95 1. 5 1. 72 0. 41 0. 18 0. 26 2. 0 0. 67 0. 11 0. 04 0. 10 Chemical composition When stars form in the present Milky Way galaxy they are composed of about 71% hydrogen and 27% helium, 103] as measured by mass, with a small fraction of heavier elements. Typically the portion of heavy elements is measured in terms of the iron content of the stellar atmosphere, as iron is a common element and its absorption lines are relatively easy to measure. The portion of heavier elements may be an indicator of the likelihood that the star has a planetary system. [104] The star with the lowest iron content ever measured is the dwarf HE1327-2326, with only 1/200, 000th the iron content of the Sun. [105] By contrast, the super-metal-rich star μ Leonis has nearly double the abundance of iron as the Sun, while the planet-bearing star 14 Herculis has nearly triple the iron. [106] There also exist chemically peculiar stars that show unusual abundances of certain elements in their spectrum; especially chromium and rare earth elements. [107] Stars with cooler outer atmospheres, including the Sun, can form various diatomic and polyatomic molecules. [108] Diameter Some of the well-known stars with their apparent colors and relative sizes. Due to their great distance from the Earth, all stars except the Sun appear to the unaided eye as shining points in the night sky that twinkle because of the effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The Sun is also a star, but it is close enough to the Earth to appear as a disk instead, and to provide daylight. Other than the Sun, the star with the largest apparent size is R Doradus, with an angular diameter of only 0. 057 arcseconds. [109] The disks of most stars are much too small in angular size to be observed with current ground-based optical telescopes, and so interferometer telescopes are required to produce images of these objects. Another technique for measuring the angular size of stars is through occultation. By precisely measuring the drop in brightness of a star as it is occulted by the Moon (or the rise in brightness when it reappears) the star's angular diameter can be computed. [110] Stars range in size from neutron stars, which vary anywhere from 20 to 40 km (25 mi) in diameter, to supergiants like Betelgeuse in the Orion constellation, which has a diameter about 1, 000 times that of our sun. [111] 112] Betelgeuse, however, has a much lower density than the Sun. [113] Kinematics The motion of a star relative to the Sun can provide useful information about the origin and age of a star, as well as the structure and evolution of the surrounding galaxy. The components of motion of a star consist of the radial velocity toward or away from the Sun, and the traverse angular movement, which is called its proper motion. Radial velocity is measured by the doppler shift of the star's spectral lines, and is given in units of km/ s. The proper motion of a star, its parallax, is determined by precise astrometric measurements in units of milli- arc seconds (mas) per year. With knowledge of the star's parallax and its distance, the proper motion velocity can be calculated. Together with the radial velocity, the total velocity can be calculated. Stars with high rates of proper motion are likely to be relatively close to the Sun, making them good candidates for parallax measurements. [115] When both rates of movement are known, the space velocity of the star relative to the Sun or the galaxy can be computed. Among nearby stars, it has been found that younger population I stars have generally lower velocities than older, population II stars. The latter have elliptical orbits that are inclined to the plane of the galaxy. [116] A comparison of the kinematics of nearby stars has allowed astronomers to trace their origin to common points in giant molecular clouds, and are referred to as stellar associations. [117] Magnetic field The magnetic field of a star is generated within regions of the interior where convective circulation occurs. This movement of conductive plasma functions like a dynamo, wherein the movement of electrical charges induce magnetic fields, as does a mechanical dynamo. Those magnetic fields have a great range that extend throughout and beyond the star. The strength of the magnetic field varies with the mass and composition of the star, and the amount of magnetic surface activity depends upon the star's rate of rotation. This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures. Coronal loops are arching magnetic field flux lines that rise from a star's surface into the star's outer atmosphere, its corona. The coronal loops can be seen due to the plasma they conduct along their length. Stellar flares are bursts of high-energy particles that are emitted due to the same magnetic activity. [118] Young, rapidly rotating stars tend to have high levels of surface activity because of their magnetic field. The magnetic field can act upon a star's stellar wind, functioning as a brake to gradually slow the rate of rotation with time. Thus, older stars such as the Sun have a much slower rate of rotation and a lower level of surface activity. The activity levels of slowly rotating stars tend to vary in a cyclical manner and can shut down altogether for periods of time. [119] During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity. Mass One of the most massive stars known is Eta Carinae, 120] which, with 100–150 times as much mass as the Sun, will have a lifespan of only several million years. Studies of the most massive open clusters suggests 150  M ☉ as an upper limit for stars in the current era of the universe. [121] This represents an empirical value for the theoretical limit on the mass of forming stars due to increasing radiation pressure on the accreting gas cloud. Several stars in the R136 cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud have been measured with larger masses, 122] but it has been determined that they could have been created through the collision and merger of massive stars in close binary systems, sidestepping the 150 M ☉ limit on massive star formation. [123] The reflection nebula NGC 1999 is brilliantly illuminated by V380 Orionis (center) a variable star with about 3. 5 times the mass of the Sun. The black patch of sky is a vast hole of empty space and not a dark nebula as previously thought. The first stars to form after the Big Bang may have been larger, up to 300 M ☉, 124] due to the complete absence of elements heavier than lithium in their composition. This generation of supermassive population III stars is likely to have existed in the very early universe (i. e., they are observed to have a high redshift) and may have started the production of chemical elements heavier than hydrogen that are needed for the later formation of planets and life. In June 2015, astronomers reported evidence for Population III stars in the Cosmos Redshift 7 galaxy at z = 6. 60. [125] 126] With a mass only 80 times that of Jupiter ( M J) 2MASS J0523-1403 is the smallest known star undergoing nuclear fusion in its core. [127] For stars with metallicity similar to the Sun, the theoretical minimum mass the star can have and still undergo fusion at the core, is estimated to be about 75 M J. [128] 129] When the metallicity is very low, however, the minimum star size seems to be about 8. 3% of the solar mass, or about 87 M J. [129] 130] Smaller bodies called brown dwarfs, occupy a poorly defined grey area between stars and gas giants. The combination of the radius and the mass of a star determines its surface gravity. Giant stars have a much lower surface gravity than do main sequence stars, while the opposite is the case for degenerate, compact stars such as white dwarfs. The surface gravity can influence the appearance of a star's spectrum, with higher gravity causing a broadening of the absorption lines. [35] Rotation The rotation rate of stars can be determined through spectroscopic measurement, or more exactly determined by tracking their starspots. Young stars can have a rotation greater than 100 km/s at the equator. The B-class star Achernar, for example, has an equatorial velocity of about 225 km/s or greater, causing its equator to bulge outward and giving it an equatorial diameter that is more than 50% greater than between the poles. This rate of rotation is just below the critical velocity of 300 km/s at which speed the star would break apart. [131] By contrast, the Sun rotates once every 25–35 days depending on latitude, 132] with an equatorial velocity of 1. 93 km/s. [133] A main sequence star 's magnetic field and the stellar wind serve to slow its rotation by a significant amount as it evolves on the main sequence. [134] Degenerate stars have contracted into a compact mass, resulting in a rapid rate of rotation. However they have relatively low rates of rotation compared to what would be expected by conservation of angular momentum —the tendency of a rotating body to compensate for a contraction in size by increasing its rate of spin. A large portion of the star's angular momentum is dissipated as a result of mass loss through the stellar wind. [135] In spite of this, the rate of rotation for a pulsar can be very rapid. The pulsar at the heart of the Crab nebula, for example, rotates 30 times per second. [136] The rotation rate of the pulsar will gradually slow due to the emission of radiation. [137] Temperature The surface temperature of a main sequence star is determined by the rate of energy production of its core and by its radius, and is often estimated from the star's color index. [138] The temperature is normally given in terms of an effective temperature, which is the temperature of an idealized black body that radiates its energy at the same luminosity per surface area as the star. Note that the effective temperature is only a representative of the surface, as the temperature increases toward the core. [139] The temperature in the core region of a star is several million  kelvins. [140] The stellar temperature will determine the rate of ionization of various elements, resulting in characteristic absorption lines in the spectrum. The surface temperature of a star, along with its visual absolute magnitude and absorption features, is used to classify a star (see classification below. 35] Massive main sequence stars can have surface temperatures of 50, 000 K. Smaller stars such as the Sun have surface temperatures of a few thousand K. Red giants have relatively low surface temperatures of about 3, 600 K; but they also have a high luminosity due to their large exterior surface area. [141] Radiation The energy produced by stars, a product of nuclear fusion, radiates to space as both electromagnetic radiation and particle radiation. The particle radiation emitted by a star is manifested as the stellar wind, 142] which streams from the outer layers as electrically charged protons and alpha and beta particles. Although almost massless, there also exists a steady stream of neutrinos emanating from the star's core. The production of energy at the core is the reason stars shine so brightly: every time two or more atomic nuclei fuse together to form a single atomic nucleus of a new heavier element, gamma ray photons are released from the nuclear fusion product. This energy is converted to other forms of electromagnetic energy of lower frequency, such as visible light, by the time it reaches the star's outer layers. The color of a star, as determined by the most intense frequency of the visible light, depends on the temperature of the star's outer layers, including its photosphere. [143] Besides visible light, stars also emit forms of electromagnetic radiation that are invisible to the human eye. In fact, stellar electromagnetic radiation spans the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from the longest wavelengths of radio waves through infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, to the shortest of X-rays, and gamma rays. From the standpoint of total energy emitted by a star, not all components of stellar electromagnetic radiation are significant, but all frequencies provide insight into the star's physics. Using the stellar spectrum, astronomers can also determine the surface temperature, surface gravity, metallicity and rotational velocity of a star. If the distance of the star is found, such as by measuring the parallax, then the luminosity of the star can be derived. The mass, radius, surface gravity, and rotation period can then be estimated based on stellar models. (Mass can be calculated for stars in binary systems by measuring their orbital velocities and distances. Gravitational microlensing has been used to measure the mass of a single star. [144] With these parameters, astronomers can also estimate the age of the star. [145] Luminosity The luminosity of a star is the amount of light and other forms of radiant energy it radiates per unit of time. It has units of power. The luminosity of a star is determined by its radius and surface temperature. Many stars do not radiate uniformly across their entire surface. The rapidly rotating star Vega, for example, has a higher energy flux (power per unit area) at its poles than along its equator. [146] Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots. Small, dwarf stars such as our Sun generally have essentially featureless disks with only small starspots. Giant stars have much larger, more obvious starspots, 147] and they also exhibit strong stellar limb darkening. That is, the brightness decreases towards the edge of the stellar disk. [148] Red dwarf flare stars such as UV Ceti may also possess prominent starspot features. [149] Magnitude The apparent brightness of a star is expressed in terms of its apparent magnitude. It is a function of the star's luminosity, its distance from Earth, the extinction effect of interstellar dust and gas, and the altering of the star's light as it passes through Earth's atmosphere. Intrinsic or absolute magnitude is directly related to a star's luminosity, and is what the apparent magnitude a star would be if the distance between the Earth and the star were 10 parsecs (32. 6 light-years. Number of stars brighter than magnitude Apparent magnitude Number  of stars [150] 0 4 1 15 2 48 3 171 513 5 1, 602 6 4, 800 7 14, 000 Both the apparent and absolute magnitude scales are logarithmic units: one whole number difference in magnitude is equal to a brightness variation of about 2. 5 times [151] the 5th root of 100 or approximately 2. 512. This means that a first magnitude star ( 1. 00) is about 2. 5 times brighter than a second magnitude ( 2. 00) star, and about 100 times brighter than a sixth magnitude star ( 6. 00. The faintest stars visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions are about magnitude +6. On both apparent and absolute magnitude scales, the smaller the magnitude number, the brighter the star; the larger the magnitude number, the fainter the star. The brightest stars, on either scale, have negative magnitude numbers. The variation in brightness (Δ L) between two stars is calculated by subtracting the magnitude number of the brighter star ( m b) from the magnitude number of the fainter star ( m f) then using the difference as an exponent for the base number 2. 512; that is to say: Relative to both luminosity and distance from Earth, a star's absolute magnitude ( M) and apparent magnitude ( m) are not equivalent; 151] for example, the bright star Sirius has an apparent magnitude of −1. 44, but it has an absolute magnitude of +1. 41. The Sun has an apparent magnitude of −26. 7, but its absolute magnitude is only +4. 83. Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky as seen from Earth, is approximately 23 times more luminous than the Sun, while Canopus, the second brightest star in the night sky with an absolute magnitude of −5. 53, is approximately 14, 000 times more luminous than the Sun. Despite Canopus being vastly more luminous than Sirius, however, Sirius appears brighter than Canopus. This is because Sirius is merely 8. 6 light-years from the Earth, while Canopus is much farther away at a distance of 310 light-years. As of 2006, the star with the highest known absolute magnitude is LBV 1806-20, with a magnitude of −14. 2. This star is at least 5, 000, 000 times more luminous than the Sun. [152] The least luminous stars that are currently known are located in the NGC 6397 cluster. The faintest red dwarfs in the cluster were magnitude 26, while a 28th magnitude white dwarf was also discovered. These faint stars are so dim that their light is as bright as a birthday candle on the Moon when viewed from the Earth. [153] Classification Surface temperature ranges for different stellar classes [154] Class Sample star O 33, 000 K or more Zeta Ophiuchi B 10, 500–30, 000 K Rigel A 7, 500–10, 000 K Altair F 6, 000–7, 200 K Procyon A G 5, 500–6, 000 K Sun K 4, 000–5, 250 K Epsilon Indi M 2, 600–3, 850 K Proxima Centauri The current stellar classification system originated in the early 20th century, when stars were classified from A to Q based on the strength of the hydrogen line. [155] It was thought that the hydrogen line strength was a simple linear function of temperature. Instead, it was more complicated: it strengthened with increasing temperature, peaked near 9000 K, and then declined at greater temperatures. The classifications were since reordered by temperature, on which the modern scheme is based. [156] Stars are given a single-letter classification according to their spectra, ranging from type O, which are very hot, to M, which are so cool that molecules may form in their atmospheres. The main classifications in order of decreasing surface temperature are: O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. A variety of rare spectral types are given special classifications. The most common of these are types L and T, which classify the coldest low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. Each letter has 10 sub-divisions, numbered from 0 to 9, in order of decreasing temperature. However, this system breaks down at extreme high temperatures as classes O0 and O1 may not exist. [157] In addition, stars may be classified by the luminosity effects found in their spectral lines, which correspond to their spatial size and is determined by their surface gravity. These range from 0 ( hypergiants) through III ( giants) to V (main sequence dwarfs) some authors add VII (white dwarfs. Main sequence stars fall along a narrow, diagonal band when graphed according to their absolute magnitude and spectral type. [157] The Sun is a main sequence G2V yellow dwarf of intermediate temperature and ordinary size. Additional nomenclature, in the form of lower-case letters added to the end of the spectral type to indicate peculiar features of the spectrum. For example, an " e " can indicate the presence of emission lines. m " represents unusually strong levels of metals, and " var " can mean variations in the spectral type. [157] White dwarf stars have their own class that begins with the letter D. This is further sub-divided into the classes DA, DB, DC, DO, DZ, and DQ, depending on the types of prominent lines found in the spectrum. This is followed by a numerical value that indicates the temperature. [158] Variable stars The asymmetrical appearance of Mira, an oscillating variable star. Variable stars have periodic or random changes in luminosity because of intrinsic or extrinsic properties. Of the intrinsically variable stars, the primary types can be subdivided into three principal groups. During their stellar evolution, some stars pass through phases where they can become pulsating variables. Pulsating variable stars vary in radius and luminosity over time, expanding and contracting with periods ranging from minutes to years, depending on the size of the star. This category includes Cepheid and Cepheid-like stars, and long-period variables such as Mira. [159] Eruptive variables are stars that experience sudden increases in luminosity because of flares or mass ejection events. [159] This group includes protostars, Wolf-Rayet stars, and flare stars, as well as giant and supergiant stars. Cataclysmic or explosive variable stars are those that undergo a dramatic change in their properties. This group includes novae and supernovae. A binary star system that includes a nearby white dwarf can produce certain types of these spectacular stellar explosions, including the nova and a Type 1a supernova. [6] The explosion is created when the white dwarf accretes hydrogen from the companion star, building up mass until the hydrogen undergoes fusion. [160] Some novae are also recurrent, having periodic outbursts of moderate amplitude. [159] Stars can also vary in luminosity because of extrinsic factors, such as eclipsing binaries, as well as rotating stars that produce extreme starspots. [159] A notable example of an eclipsing binary is Algol, which regularly varies in magnitude from 2. 1 to 3. 4 over a period of 2. 87 days. [161] Structure The interior of a stable star is in a state of hydrostatic equilibrium: the forces on any small volume almost exactly counterbalance each other. The balanced forces are inward gravitational force and an outward force due to the pressure gradient within the star. The pressure gradient is established by the temperature gradient of the plasma; the outer part of the star is cooler than the core. The temperature at the core of a main sequence or giant star is at least on the order of 10 7 K. The resulting temperature and pressure at the hydrogen-burning core of a main sequence star are sufficient for nuclear fusion to occur and for sufficient energy to be produced to prevent further collapse of the star. [162] 163] As atomic nuclei are fused in the core, they emit energy in the form of gamma rays. These photons interact with the surrounding plasma, adding to the thermal energy at the core. Stars on the main sequence convert hydrogen into helium, creating a slowly but steadily increasing proportion of helium in the core. Eventually the helium content becomes predominant, and energy production ceases at the core. Instead, for stars of more than 0. 4 M ☉, fusion occurs in a slowly expanding shell around the degenerate helium core. [164] In addition to hydrostatic equilibrium, the interior of a stable star will also maintain an energy balance of thermal equilibrium. There is a radial temperature gradient throughout the interior that results in a flux of energy flowing toward the exterior. The outgoing flux of energy leaving any layer within the star will exactly match the incoming flux from below. The radiation zone is the region of the stellar interior where the flux of energy outward is dependent on radiative heat transfer, since convective heat transfer is inefficient in that zone. In this region the plasma will not be perturbed, and any mass motions will die out. If this is not the case, however, then the plasma becomes unstable and convection will occur, forming a convection zone. This can occur, for example, in regions where very high energy fluxes occur, such as near the core or in areas with high opacity (making radiatative heat transfer inefficient) as in the outer envelope. [163] The occurrence of convection in the outer envelope of a main sequence star depends on the star's mass. Stars with several times the mass of the Sun have a convection zone deep within the interior and a radiative zone in the outer layers. Smaller stars such as the Sun are just the opposite, with the convective zone located in the outer layers. [165] Red dwarf stars with less than 0. 4 M ☉ are convective throughout, which prevents the accumulation of a helium core. [4] For most stars the convective zones will also vary over time as the star ages and the constitution of the interior is modified. [163] This diagram shows a cross-section of the Sun. The photosphere is that portion of a star that is visible to an observer. This is the layer at which the plasma of the star becomes transparent to photons of light. From here, the energy generated at the core becomes free to propagate into space. It is within the photosphere that sun spots, regions of lower than average temperature, appear. Above the level of the photosphere is the stellar atmosphere. In a main sequence star such as the Sun, the lowest level of the atmosphere, just above the photosphere, is the thin chromosphere region, where spicules appear and stellar flares begin. Above this is the transition region, where the temperature rapidly increases within a distance of only 100 km (62 mi. Beyond this is the corona, a volume of super-heated plasma that can extend outward to several million kilometres. [166] The existence of a corona appears to be dependent on a convective zone in the outer layers of the star. [165] Despite its high temperature, and the corona emits very little light, due to its low gas density. The corona region of the Sun is normally only visible during a solar eclipse. From the corona, a stellar wind of plasma particles expands outward from the star, until it interacts with the interstellar medium. For the Sun, the influence of its solar wind extends throughout a bubble-shaped region called the heliosphere. [167] Nuclear fusion reaction pathways Overview of the proton-proton chain The carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle A variety of nuclear fusion reactions take place in the cores of stars, that depend upon their mass and composition. When nuclei fuse, the mass of the fused product is less than the mass of the original parts. This lost mass is converted to electromagnetic energy, according to the mass–energy equivalence relationship E  =  mc 2. [3] The hydrogen fusion process is temperature-sensitive, so a moderate increase in the core temperature will result in a significant increase in the fusion rate. As a result, the core temperature of main sequence stars only varies from 4 million kelvin for a small M-class star to 40 million kelvin for a massive O-class star. [140] In the Sun, with a 10-million-kelvin core, hydrogen fuses to form helium in the proton–proton chain reaction: 168] 4 1 H → 2 2 H + 2 e. 2 ν e (2 x 0. 4 M eV) 2 e. 2 e − → 2 γ (2 x 1. 0 MeV) 2 1 H + 2 2 H → 2 3 He + 2 γ (2 x 5. 5 MeV) 2 3 He → 4 He + 2 1 H (12. 9 MeV) These reactions result in the overall reaction: 4 1 H → 4 He + 2e. 2γ + 2ν e (26. 7 MeV) where e + is a positron, γ is a gamma ray photon, ν e is a neutrino, and H and He are isotopes of hydrogen and helium, respectively. The energy released by this reaction is in millions of electron volts, which is actually only a tiny amount of energy. However enormous numbers of these reactions occur constantly, producing all the energy necessary to sustain the star's radiation output. In comparison, the combustion of two hydrogen gas molecules with one oxygen gas molecule releases only 5. 7 eV. Minimum stellar mass required for fusion Element Solar masses Hydrogen 0. 01 Helium 0. 4 Carbon 5 [169] Neon 8 In more massive stars, helium is produced in a cycle of reactions catalyzed by carbon called the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle. [168] In evolved stars with cores at 100 million kelvin and masses between 0. 5 and 10 M ☉, helium can be transformed into carbon in the triple-alpha process that uses the intermediate element beryllium: 168] 4 He + 4 He + 92 keV → 8* Be 4 He + 8* Be + 67 keV → 12* C 12* C → 12 C + γ + 7. 4 MeV For an overall reaction of: 3 4 He → 12 C + γ + 7. 2 MeV In massive stars, heavier elements can also be burned in a contracting core through the neon-burning process and oxygen-burning process. The final stage in the stellar nucleosynthesis process is the silicon-burning process that results in the production of the stable isotope iron-56. 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Is the technique really accurate enough to use it to verify the age of the universe. Scientific American. Retrieved 2007-05-11. ^ Laughlin, G. Bodenheimer, P. Adams, F. "The End of the Main Sequence. 482 (1) 420–432. Bibcode: 1997ApJ. 482... 420L. 1086/304125. ^ Lopez, Bruno; et al. (July 2005. Can Life Develop in the Expanded Habitable Zones around Red Giant Stars. 627 (2) 974–985. arXiv: astro-ph/0503520. Bibcode: 2005ApJ. 627... 974L. 1086/430416. See Table 1. ^ Irwin, Judith A. (2007. Astrophysics: Decoding the Cosmos. p. 78. Bibcode. ISBN   978-0-470-01306-9. ^ Fischer, D. Valenti, J. (2005. The Planet-Metallicity Correlation. 622 (2) 1102–1117. 622. 1102F. 1086/428383. ^ Signatures Of The First Stars. ScienceDaily. April 17, 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-10. ^ Feltzing, S. Gonzalez, G. "The nature of super-metal-rich stars: Detailed abundance analysis of 8 super-metal-rich star candidates" PDF. 367 (1) 253–265. 367... 253F. 1051/0004-6361:20000477. ^ Gray, David F. (1992. The Observation and Analysis of Stellar Photospheres. pp. 413–414. ISBN   978-0-521-40868-4. ^ Jørgensen, Uffe G. "Cool Star Models. In van Dishoeck, Ewine F. (ed. Molecules in Astrophysics: Probes and Processes. International Astronomical Union Symposia. 178. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 446. ISBN   978-0792345381. ^ The Biggest Star in the Sky. March 11, 1997. Retrieved 2006-07-10. ^ Ragland, S. Chandrasekhar, T. Ashok, N. "Angular Diameter of Carbon Star Tx-Piscium from Lunar Occultation Observations in the Near Infrared. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 16: 332. Bibcode: 1995JApAS... 332R. ^ Dolan, Michelle M. Mathews, Grant J. Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J. Dearborn, David S. (2017. Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse. 819 (1) 7. arXiv: 1406. 3143. Bibcode: 2016ApJ. 819. 7D. 3847/0004-637X/819/1/7. ^ Graham M. Harper; et al. (2008. A New VLA-HIPPARCOS Distance to Betelgeuse and Its Implications. 135 (4) 1430–1440. Bibcode: 2008AJ. 135. 1430H. 1088/0004-6256/135/4/1430. ^ Davis, Kate (December 1, 2000. Variable Star of the Month – December, 2000: Alpha Orionis. AAVSO. Archived from the original on 2006-07-12. Retrieved 2006-08-13. ^ Loktin, A. (September 2006. Kinematics of stars in the Pleiades open cluster. Astronomy Reports. 50 (9) 714–721. Bibcode: 2006ARep. 50... 714L. 1134/S1063772906090058. ^ Hipparcos: High Proper Motion Stars. September 10, 1999. Retrieved 2006-10-10. ^ Johnson, Hugh M. (1957. The Kinematics and Evolution of Population I Stars. 69 (406) 54. Bibcode: 1957PASP. 69. 54J. 1086/127012. ^ Elmegreen, B. Efremov, Y. N. (1999. The Formation of Star Clusters. American Scientist. 86 (3) 264. Bibcode: 1998AmSci... 86... 264E. 1511/1998. 3. 264. Archived from the original on March 23, 2005. Retrieved 2006-08-23. ^ Brainerd, Jerome James (July 6, 2005. X-rays from Stellar Coronas. The Astrophysics Spectator. Retrieved 2007-06-21. ^ Berdyugina, Svetlana V. "Starspots: A Key to the Stellar Dynamo. Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 2 (1) 8. Bibcode: 2005LRSP. 2. 8B. 12942/lrsp-2005-8. Retrieved 2007-06-21. ^ Smith, Nathan (1998. The Behemoth Eta Carinae: A Repeat Offender. Mercury Magazine. 27 (4) 20. Bibcode: 1998Mercu... 27d... 20S. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-08-13. ^ Weidner, C. Kroupa, P. (February 11, 2004. Evidence for a fundamental stellar upper mass limit from clustered star formation" PDF. 348 (1) 187–191. arXiv: astro-ph/0310860. Bibcode: 2004MNRAS. 348... 187W. 2004. 07340. x. ^ Hainich, R. Rühling, U. Todt, H. Oskinova, L. Liermann, A. Gräfener, G. Foellmi, C. Schnurr, O. Hamann, W. -R. (2014. The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. 565: A27. arXiv: 1401. 5474. Bibcode: 2014A&A. 565A... 27H. 1051/0004-6361/201322696. ^ Banerjee, Sambaran; Kroupa, Pavel; Oh, Seungkyung (October 21, 2012. The emergence of super-canonical stars in R136-type starburst clusters. 426 (2) 1416–1426. 0826. 1416B. 21672. x. ^ Ferreting Out The First Stars. September 22, 2005. Retrieved 2006-09-05. ^ Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 June 2015. Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation. 808 (2) 139. arXiv: 1504. 01734. Bibcode: 2015ApJ. 808... 139S. 1088/0004-637x/808/2/139. ^ Overbye, Dennis (17 June 2015. Astronomers Report Finding Earliest Stars That Enriched Cosmos. Retrieved 17 June 2015. ^ 2MASS J05233822-1403022. SIMBAD – Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 14 December 2013. ^ Boss, Alan (April 3, 2001. Are They Planets or What. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Archived from the original on September 28, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-08. ^ a b Shiga, David (August 17, 2006. Mass cut-off between stars and brown dwarfs revealed. New Scientist. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-23. ^ Leadbeater, Elli (August 18, 2006. Hubble glimpses faintest stars. BBC. Retrieved 2006-08-22. ^ Flattest Star Ever Seen. June 11, 2003. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ Solar Rotation Varies by Latitude. NASA. January 23, 2013. ^ Howard, R. Harvey, J. (1970. Spectroscopic Determinations of Solar Rotation. Solar Physics. 12 (1) 23–51. Bibcode: 1970SoPh. 12. 23H. 1007/BF02276562. ^ Fitzpatrick, Richard (February 13, 2006. Introduction to Plasma Physics: A graduate course. The University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2006-10-04. ^ Villata, Massimo (1992. Angular momentum loss by a stellar wind and rotational velocities of white dwarfs. 257 (3) 450–454. Bibcode: 1992MNRAS. 257... 450V. 1093/mnras/257. 450. ^ A History of the Crab Nebula. May 30, 1996. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ Properties of Pulsars. Frontiers of Modern Astronomy. Jodrell Bank Observatory, University of Manchester. Retrieved 2018-08-17. ^ Strobel, Nick (August 20, 2007. Properties of Stars: Color and Temperature. Astronomy Notes. Primis/McGraw-Hill, Inc. Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2007-10-09. ^ Seligman, Courtney. "Review of Heat Flow Inside Stars. Retrieved 2007-07-05. ^ a b "Main Sequence Stars. February 16, 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-10. ^ Zeilik, Michael A. Gregory, Stephan A. (1998. Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics (4th ed. Saunders College Publishing. p. 321. ISBN   978-0-03-006228-5. ^ Koppes, Steve (June 20, 2003. University of Chicago physicist receives Kyoto Prize for lifetime achievements in science. The University of Chicago News Office. Retrieved 2012-06-15. ^ The Colour of Stars. Australian Telescope Outreach and Education. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2006-08-13. ^ Astronomers Measure Mass of a Single Star – First Since the Sun. July 15, 2004. Retrieved 2006-05-24. ^ Garnett, D. Kobulnicky, H. "Distance Dependence in the Solar Neighborhood Age-Metallicity Relation. 532 (2) 1192–1196. arXiv: astro-ph/9912031. Bibcode: 2000ApJ. 532. 1192G. 1086/308617. ^ Staff (January 10, 2006. Rapidly Spinning Star Vega has Cool Dark Equator. National Optical Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2007-11-18. ^ Michelson, A. 12942/lrsp-2005-8. ^ Manduca, A. Bell, R. Gustafsson, B. "Limb darkening coefficients for late-type giant model atmospheres. 61 (6) 809–813. 809M. ^ Chugainov, P. F. (1971. On the Cause of Periodic Light Variations of Some Red Dwarf Stars. Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 520: 1–3. Bibcode: 1971IBVS... 520. 1C. ^ Magnitude. National Solar Observatory – Sacramento Peak. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2006-08-23. ^ a b "Luminosity of Stars. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2006-08-13. ^ Hoover, Aaron (January 15, 2004. Star may be biggest, brightest yet observed. HubbleSite. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2006-06-08. ^ Faintest Stars in Globular Cluster NGC 6397. August 17, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-08. ^ Smith, Gene (April 16, 1999. Stellar Spectra. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved 2006-10-12. ^ Fowler, A. (February 1891. The Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra. 45 (1166) 427–428. Bibcode: 1892Natur... 45... 427F. 1038/045427a0. ^ Jaschek, Carlos; Jaschek, Mercedes (1990. The Classification of Stars. pp. 31–48. ISBN   978-0-521-38996-9. ^ a b c MacRobert, Alan M. "The Spectral Types of Stars. Sky and Telescope. Retrieved 2006-07-19. ^ White Dwarf (wd) Stars. White Dwarf Research Corporation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-08. Retrieved 2006-07-19. ^ a b c d "Types of Variable. May 11, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-20. ^ Cataclysmic Variables. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 2004-11-01. Retrieved 2006-06-08. ^ Samus, N. Durlevich, O. "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013. VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat. 102025S. 1. Bibcode: 2009yCat. 102025S. ^ Hansen, Carl J. Kawaler, Steven D. Trimble, Virginia (2004. Stellar Interiors. pp. 32–33. ISBN   978-0-387-20089-7. ^ a b c Schwarzschild, Martin (1958. Structure and Evolution of the Stars. Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-0-691-08044-4. ^ Formation of the High Mass Elements. Smoot Group. Retrieved 2006-07-11. ^ a b "What is a Star. 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-07-11. ^ The Glory of a Nearby Star: Optical Light from a Hot Stellar Corona Detected with the VLT" Press release. August 1, 2001. Retrieved 2006-07-10. ^ Burlaga, L. "Crossing the Termination Shock into the Heliosheath: Magnetic Fields. Science. 309 (5743) 2027–2029. Bibcode: 2005Sci. 309. 2027B. 1126/science. 1117542. PMID   16179471. ^ a b c d Wallerstein, G. "Synthesis of the elements in stars: forty years of progress" PDF. Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (4) 995–1084. Bibcode: 1997RvMP. 69... 995W. 1103/RevModPhys. 69. 995. hdl: 2152/61093. Retrieved 2006-08-04. ^ Girardi, L. Bressan, A. Bertelli, G. Chiosi, C. "Evolutionary tracks and isochrones for low- and intermediate-mass stars: From 0. 15 to 7 M sun, and from Z=0. 0004 to 0. 03. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 141 (3) 371–383. arXiv: astro-ph/9910164. Bibcode: 2000A&AS... 141... 371G. 1051/aas:2000126. ^ Woosley, S. Heger, A. Weaver, T. "The evolution and explosion of massive stars. 74 (4) 1015–1071. Bibcode: 2002RvMP. 74. 1015W. 1015. ^ 11. 5 days is 0. 0315 years. Further reading Pickover, Cliff (2001. The Stars of Heaven. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-514874-9. Gribbin, John; Gribbin, Mary (2001. Stardust: Supernovae and Life – The Cosmic Connection. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-09097-0. Hawking, Stephen (1988. A Brief History of Time. Bantam Books. ISBN   978-0-553-17521-9. External links Look up star in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stars. Kaler, James. "Portraits of Stars and their Constellations. University of Illinois. Retrieved 2010-08-20. "Query star by identifier, coordinates or reference code. SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2010-08-20. "How To Decipher Classification Codes. Astronomical Society of South Australia. Retrieved 2010-08-20. Prialnick, Dina; et al. "Stars: Stellar Atmospheres, Structure. Evolution. University of St. Andrews. Retrieved 2010-08-20.

Is the star in erath. I tried to be very optimistic to enjoy this movie but was not able continue after 20mins. am not saying like i hate this movie it just lacks the concept of animation films. nothing fun just a cartoon replica of bible story. What did the star spectrum tell us about the star. Who wrote the star spangled. I love this song. When ever i hear the “all the stars are closer” part i think of zendaya cuz it lowkey think it sounds like her her idk.

The starfish and the spider. When the Star Spangled Banner was made. What is the star of Ben Barnes. Dine From casual dining to world-class cuisine, The Star District has it all. 22 Restaurants 12 Sports Bars 8 Patios Artboard 1 Specials Dining Feb 23 Christopher Macchio of the New York Tenors Da Mario 11:00 am to 3:00 pm View All Restaurants Ascension Cane Rosso City Works Eatery & Pour House Concrete Cowboy Cow Tipping Creamery Cowboys Club crushcraft Thai Eats Da Mario Dee Lincoln Prime Freshii Heirloom Haul Howard Wangs Mi Cocina Neighborhood Services Nestlé Toll House Café and Red Mango Raising Canes Roti Grill Rush Bowls Sushi Marquee The Common Table The Edge Waterside Lounge Tri Tip Grill Trophy Park Tupelo Honey Southern Kitchen & Bar Wahlburgers Zizikis E-Newsletter Keep up with us Stay up-to-date with everything happening at The Star special offers, events and more.

The star wars trailer 2019. His vocal range is insane extremely talented, can't understand him but just listening to him is good. My love from the star. Briefly describe the startification of air. The Star (Malaysia) Type Daily newspaper Format Print, online Owner(s) Star Media Group Berhad (ROC 10894D) formerly known as Star Publications (Malaysia) Berhad) Editor Esther Ng Founded 9 September 1971 Language English Headquarters Jalan 16/11, 46350 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan Circulation 248, 413 (Daily Star) 246, 652 (Sunday Star) 105, 645 (Daily Star E-paper) 104, 804 (Sunday Star E-paper) Source: Audit Bureau of Circulations, Malaysia - July to December 2015 [1] 2] Website www. thestar The Star ( MYX: 6084) is an English-language newspaper in Malaysia. Based in Petaling Jaya, it was established in 1971 as a regional newspaper in Penang. It is the largest paid English newspaper in terms of circulation in Malaysia [3] according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations. [4] It has a daily circulation of about 250, 000 (as of January 2017) far eclipsing the circulation of its next-largest paid English-language competitor, the New Straits Times (who has a circulation of approximately 65, 000. The Star is a member of the Asia News Network. It is owned by the publicly listed Star Media Group. History [ edit] The daily newspaper was first published on 9 September 1971 as a regional newspaper based in Penang. [5] The STAR went into national circulation on 3 January 1976 when it set up its new office in Kuala Lumpur. In 1978, the newspaper headquarters was relocated to Kuala Lumpur. The Star continues to expand its wings over the years. In 1981, it moved its headquarters from Kuala Lumpur to Petaling Jaya [6] which is also its current premise to accommodate a growing number of staff and technology devices. In 1987, The Star was one of the newspapers whose publication licences were withdrawn in Operation Lalang. [7] 6] It resumed publication five months later in March 1988, but after its return, The Star lost its previous 'liberal flavour. 8] It was the first Malaysian paper to offer an online edition. [6] 9] The Star 's dominant position as Malaysia's leading English-language newspaper has, for decades, been of significant benefit to its major shareholder, the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) political party (which ruled from the independence of Malaya until 2018 as a junior member of the Barisan Nasional coalition. Between 1997 and 2007, it was estimated that the MCA's investment arm, Huaren Holdings, collected MYR270 million in dividends - almost exclusively from their 42% shareholding in the Star's parent company - with dividends peaking at MYR40 million per year between 2005 and 2007. Despite a significant portion of these dividends funding debts from their later acquisition of Nanyang Siang Pau, a total of MYR100 million was still paid out to the MCA between 2001 and 2007. [10] Editions [ edit] The Star (daily) and Sunday Star are published in five editions. Two editions cover the northern peninsular states of Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and northern Perak, while another two editions cover the rest of the country. As of March 2010, the newspaper has a separate Sarawak edition priced at RM1. 20. There are two main printing plants that publish four editions of The Star on a daily basis. The northern editions are printed at the Star Northern Hub in Bayan Lepas, Penang, while the other two editions are printed at the Star Media Hub in Bukit Jelutong, Shah Alam, Selangor. Features [ edit] The Star weekday paper is packaged as a 4-in-1 paper, comprising the Main Paper, StarBiz, Star2 and Star Metro. Naturally, this newspaper also contains classifieds. The Main Paper covers the latest in both local and international news while StarBiz offers a comprehensive coverage of business developments, market trends, financial reports and updates in the stock market. Star2 features articles on lifestyle, entertainment, health, parenting, social etiquette, science, environment, fashion, food, comics and many more. The contents published on the Star Metro varies by edition, covering news and events in a particular region covered by each edition. Weekly sections include: StarBytz (every Monday; formerly known as In-Tech) focuses on computers and information technology StarEducate (Sundays) features careers, school, exam tips, advice on furthering education, commentaries by renowned educationists and updates in the education industry Star Fit4Life (Sundays) focuses on various aspects of well-being, from medical research to treatments, fitness trends, diet and nutrition, mental health, ageing and public health issues, alternative therapy and healing methods Life Inspired (Sundays) a luxury-focused pull-out covering topics from art, architecture, travel, fashion, food and more. This section was launched in October 2013. [11] Dots (Sundays) News and articles sourced from international media partners covering a varied range of topics from politics and society to people. Provides a deeper insight into thoughts, senses and outlook The Star BizWeek is a weekly financial magazine published every Saturday that highlights issues, companies, personalities, developments, and stocks that are likely to make news in the week ahead F1F4 is a fortnightly pull-out published on alternate Mondays. It contains information about Mathematics and Science syllabus for Form One and Form Four. Stuff@school is a weekly pullout distributed every Monday to schools that subscribe to The Star. It features newsy articles, interviews, book reviews and short stories dedicated to teens. Star Metro is a pull-out featuring news and events from all of Malaysia and occasionally, abroad. Star Metro also features the classifieds. CarSifu is a pullout distributed every twice a month on alternating Thursdays that offers updates on the automobile scene. [12] now does video-based content with an investigative angle. Their work with the Predator in My Phone series led to the passing of the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017. They are currently working to unravel the student trafficking syndicate in Malaysia, featured in their series Student/Trafficked [13] Columnists [ edit] Notable columnists for The Star include Marina Mahathir, a socio-political activist and writer, Martin Khor (since 1978. 14] former head of the Third World Network, and law professor Shad Saleem Faruqi. [15] Tunku Abdul Rahman, the first Prime Minister and chairman of the paper's parent company from the 1977 to 1989, also contributed to the newspaper through his column Looking Back which was published every Monday from 1974 to 1989. His writings in the column, which consisted of his personal accounts in the ruling party in regards to seeking Malaysia's independence, were deemed to be influential and so closely associated with the paper that its name was often backronymed by some readers as Suara Tunku Abdul Rahman (English: the Voice of Tunku Abdul Rahman. 16] 17] 18] Ownership [ edit] The Star is a party-owned paper, associated with the former government of Malaysia. Since 1977, The Star has been effectively controlled by the Malaysian Chinese Association, the third-largest party in the opposition Barisan Nasional alliance [19] though it is part of the publicly listed Star Media Group ( MYX: 6084. The largest stake, at 42. 46% is held by the MCA; the three next-largest shareholders are Amanah Saham Bumiputera, a unit trust scheme exclusive to Bumiputera (15. 44. the Malaysian superannuation scheme, the Employees Provident Fund (5. 98% and Tabung Haji, the government-run hajj savings and investment fund (5. 42. 20] See also [ edit] List of newspapers in Malaysia References [ edit] External links [ edit] Official website.

This is a must see for the whole family. Moving, funny, and adventurous. A great cast with a great soundtrack and all the while portraying the greatest story ever told. The birth of a baby, that forever changed the world. See it with the family, see it with friends, and then see it again.
The starting line.
How did the Star Wars empire begin.
Copyright 1995- Star Media Group Berhad (10894D) Best viewed on Chrome browsers.
The star chamber.
Nominated for 1 Oscar. See more awards  » Edit Storyline Middle-aged Oscar winning actress Margaret Elliot - Maggie to those that know her - is a Hollywood has-been. Her life is in shambles. She clings to the hope of resurrecting her past movie stardom as a leading ingénue. No one will hire her, she's penniless with creditors selling off anything that she owns that is of monetary value, and she has no one to turn to that can see her through financially. She has in the past supported her sister and brother-in-law, who still want to use her as their meal ticket. Divorced from her actor husband, she shares joint custody of their teen-aged daughter Gretchen, from who Maggie tries to hide her problems. When it looks as if Maggie has hit rock bottom, Jim Johannsen re-enters her life. Jim, who once had the stage name Barry Lester, got his big break in Hollywood movies by Maggie. He came to the quick realization that he was neither good as an actor or that he wanted to do it as a profession. He now works as a boat parts supplier and mechanic. Jim... Written by Huggo Plot Summary, Add Synopsis Taglines: The story of a thought she was a star so high in the sky no man could touch her! Details Release Date: 11 December 1952 (USA) See more  » Company Credits Technical Specs Sound Mix: Mono (Western Electric Recording) See full technical specs  » Did You Know? Trivia Davis used the phrase, bless you. in the film as a term of endearment. In reality, she was making fun of Joan Crawford, who usually signed autographs that way and used the phrase to thank people. See more » Goofs When Gretchen changes direction on the boat for the second time, Margaret is knocked way over to the left by the sail. She turns around to laugh, but is shown seated on the far right. See more » Quotes [ to her Oscar statuette] Margaret Elliott: Come on, Oscar, let's you and me get drunk! See more » Connections Referenced in Hamlet  (2000) See more ».

Clearly this court is a total joke if he got that in there. Haaa... tepuk. The star news. Search Select Title... My Services Sign in. Who instituted the star chamber. It is real special. for the inspired speech about Christian faith in the era of globalisation. for animation itself. for the perspective, not new but in wise manner used, of the Birth of Jesus in the eyes of animals. for songs. and for humor. it represents one of source of hope in the time of political corecteness. because it reminds small, essential values. because it gives a touching - precise message about the fundamental importance of faith. and, sure, for the admirable courage to be a confession because, in the age of relativisation, The Star" becomes a honest remind of the basic Christian Truth.

What fuels the star castor. What size is the star Sirius. "The Star" is an American English-language animated movie from this year that premiered here very recently, so you could definitely say it is one for the holidays. It's not too long at under 1.5 hours, but features still a whole lot of known actors that you may have come across on other projects. Maybe you won't recognize their voices, maybe you will. But you sure will recognize their names. This film here takes us into the Bible by telling us about the nine months before the birth of the Christ as a bit of a fable with speaking animals and an ancient background as this one plays over 2 millenniums in the past. The good news is that I enjoyed almost all the animation aspects here. There was one especially beautiful shot that may have been among the greatest of the year when we see the humans and animals moving forward while also seeing the beautiful star-studded sky. The music was fine too overall with some beautiful songs.
But sadly, the film had also far too many mediocre and forgettable moments that made this one seem way too long for its own good and that is even more shocking as it really wasn't a very long film at all. It easily could have been kept at under an hour I believe. On the one hand, there were just far too many (animal) characters in here that had hardly no impact at all on the story. Quite a pity. They were included for one or two funny ( funny" moments and then disappeared as quickly as they appeared like the ones at the end at the location where Mary gives birth. And as for the approach to the comedy here, it was not as successful as I hoped. Here and there, there was a solid moment including a witty joke, but most of it was really just loud and over-the-top sadly and on a level where just the little ones would enjoy it. And this means quite something when I say or write it because it is a statement coming from somebody who is off the opinion that quality animated films are as much for grown-ups as they are for children. Anyway, the ending was somewhat better again and I liked how they included the subject or forgiveness with the two dogs, but also weren't afraid of killing off a really sinister character. By the way, the two dogs could really have their own movie as a sequel. They were one of the better components here.
All in all, however, I did not like the film as much as I hoped I would. Donkeys sure are the greatest thing ever (next to guinea-pigs) but the thing I found distracting here is that the German voice in the version I watched did not satisfy me at all and I wasn't too happy in general with the dubbing also for other characters, especially the animals. Let me add too that I am an entirely nonreligious atheist, so I won't go too much into detail about the biblical and more serious contents here and their accuracy. I would just say that the dramatic plot was never really as good as I wanted it to be. So yeah there are some glaring weaknesses here and it may not be the greatest effort by Oscar-nominated director Timothy Reckart at all. Then again, this may be more the two writers' fault than the director's. I for once can only say I am surprised how much attention this has received from the Annie Awards. An Oscar nomination seems possible, but I think it really isn't that good. Watch something else instead.

 

 

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• Reviews On an isolated island in Brittany at the end of the eighteenth century, a female painter is obliged to paint a wedding portrait of a young woman
• Creator Céline Sciamma
• 8,7 / 10
• 10634 vote
• Luàna Bajrami
• Countries France

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Allucee mac DropBox 浴火的å‘å30 à 80. Allucee mac DropBox 浴火的å‘å3 à 5 kg.

 

This movie is a French period piece and it tells the simple tale of a female artist commissioned to paint the future wife of a Duke. The artist travels to the woman's seaside place of residence and the movie covers the period of the painting of the canvas and the initially touchy, but ultimately loving, relationship that develops between these two young women.
The setting is intimate, the cast is small, and the plot is almost wafer-thin. The pace is almost painfully sedate, but one gradually becomes accustomed to it, and to appreciate the opportunity to soak in the imagery, and the detail (Rather like looking at a painting, I guess)
The cast is almost exclusively female, as is the director, and this is clearly a deliberate and dedicated woman's movie, in every sense. However, any man who actually likes women will have no problem being entertained and ultimately rewarded by giving this film a watch.
Naturally any kind of open love between two women of social status was never going to be a potential option in the 18th century, so how are these two going to reconcile the passion that emerges between them. This is the only plot device and jeopardy element. Not much to work with, but I felt that this was a statement by the producers to show that in the woman's realm deep feelings go a longer way than plot twists and high dudgeon.
The acting is controlled and meaningful, the interior settings are explored to the point that you almost fill in the smells yourself, and the sequences at the beach linger long enough that you begin bracing yourself against the coastal winds. The high-point of the film is when the community of women gather on a cliff to associate, drink a bit, and sing a particularly haunting mantra-like song.
My all time favourite film (La Belle Noiseuse - Long version) also attempts to capture an artist busy in the process of painting a picture. It is not an easy thing to do on film. Naturally I believe my favourite movie does, but does this film achieve that too? Well, to a point, although, for me, the creation of the picture here is more a metaphor for the falling in love, than about the artistic pursuit as of itself.
Did I enjoy watching this film? Yes, I did, but a week later I am struggling to recall more that a few vivid moments or to reconnect with it on an emotional level.
A worthy film certainly, an important woman's work for sure, but one to be more admired than ever relished.

Allucee mac DropBox 浴火的å‘å3 à 5. Allucee mac DropBox 浴火的å‘å33 à bordeaux. 《浴火的少女畫像》是個不對的中文譯名.若不是P這樣一提，我也察覺不到這形容詞的錯配 on Fire，是Héloïse在野宴的火堆前，顧着與Marianne互相凝視，望得入神，而不知自己隱沒在黑暗的藍色長裙已被火焰燃燒起來.後來，與她有過五天情緣的畫家Marianne，將當晚情景重新繪畫，名為Portrait of a Lady on Fire，是「浴火少女的畫像」.這幅畫像沒有被燒毀，焚燒的是另一幅Héloïse的未完成畫像，某夜Marianne在細看畫裏她的裝束與身體時，意外把畫燒着了，那才是浴火的少女畫像，那卻不是片名畫名所說的情感回憶，承載着一份難忘的秘密戀情. 就在那一夜，Héloïse與僕人Sophie和Marianne讀希臘神話，音樂詩人奧菲斯帶女神尤麗狄絲逃離死亡地獄的故事.她們聽得入神，當說到奧菲斯違反與冥王協議的條件，回頭望向尤麗狄絲，令她立刻折返地獄，消失於他倆對望的空氣之間，Sophie聽罷反應很大，責怪奧菲斯這樣愚蠢.她務實單純，固然以生存常理為首判斷事情.Marianne飽讀詩書通曉藝術，說這是詩人選擇用回憶留住愛人；剛從修道院出來的Héloïse不諳這般事情，想像是尤麗狄絲在他耳邊輕喚「回頭看」，以自我犧牲成全愛情.後來，她將這想像成真，以當晚幻想的一句，猶如置身冥界深淵，魔幻地與Marianne告別，交換最後一個凝視對望的眼神. Marianne說她還見過Héloïse最後兩次.第一次在畫廊買賣，她在擠迫的人群之間，望見Héloïse伴着一個小女孩的畫像，手持揭在第二十八頁的書本，那是Marianne自畫像的一頁.她沒有忘記.但為甚麼這幅理應掛在家中的畫像（像Héloïse母親的那幅畫，早在她未進家門一刻，便已牢牢掛在牆上），會出現在擁擠的公開出售畫作的畫廊中？Héloïse一定是從指腹為婚的丈夫家門逃出來了. 「我還見過她最後一次.」，在演奏韋瓦第《四季》小提琴協奏曲的音樂會，Marianne見着Héloïse獨自在對座坐下，燈漸暗，響起二人泛起情愫之始的樂章——山雨欲求的《夏》，它為Héloïse打開了一道藝術與情感大門，就是那個瞬間，Héloïse愛上了她.多麼洶湧的音樂節拍多麼可貴的五天記憶多麼悲劇性的道別回望，回憶紛擾不斷，侵襲着Héloïse，她既哭又笑，肯定是在記憶中再見一抹紅裙的Marianne. 為甚麼Marianne肯定那是最後一次的見面？我想，奧菲斯與尤麗狄絲的悲劇神話降臨到他倆的現實.Céline Sciamma為這神話《夏》創造另一重意義，變成Marianne與Héloïse的記憶故事，一個同性真愛的悲劇.

Allucee mac DropBox 浴火的å‘å39 à 44. Allucee mac DropBox 浴火的å‘å3 à 12 ans. Allucee mac DropBox 浴火的å‘å3.a.r. 「每個人 的心裡都有一團火，路過的人只看到煙，但是總有一個人，總有那麼一個人能看到這團火，然後走過來，陪我一起.我帶著我的熱情，我的冷漠，我的狂暴，我的溫和，以及對愛情毫無理由的相信，走得上氣不接下氣. 我結結巴巴的對她說，妳叫什麼名字. 從妳叫什麼名字開始，後來，有了一切.」 多年來特別獨鍾這一段話，姑且不論是否為梵谷親筆所寫，這都是一段美麗而神傷的描述，就像《燃燒女子的畫像》（港譯：浴火的少女畫像，Portrait of a Lady on Fire）一幅開始後就不再出現第二次的油畫，在曠野中走向朦朧月影，靜靜灑落無邊黑夜.端詳藝術畫作也是如此，穿腸以凝望，入魂以回眸，直勾勾的抵達心坎裡，彷彿劈啪無聲卻燒得炙熱的一把火，不敢說出名字那份愛之餘燼便如此綿延了一生一世，安德烈艾席蒙在書裡說，我們一輩子只愛一次，無奈有時太早，有時太晚. 在以肖像畫決定終身大事的保守年代，婚姻還承載著家族的命運，一位繼承父業的女畫家瑪麗安娜千里迢迢來到此處，就是應其母親之託為正值適婚年齡的名門閨秀繪製畫像，但她卻不是第一位接受委託的畫家，上一位甚至連小姐尊容都沒能見到，正因如此，她必須設法於神不知鬼不覺的情況下仔細觀察並完成作品，這對自我要求甚高的藝術家而言卻是極為艱難的任務. 紅綠相映，耀眼懾人，瑪麗安娜渾身散發典雅氣息，作畫時專注的神情讓觀看者與被觀看者皆無法移開目光，視線緊揪著眼前的耳朵輪廓髮絲飛舞後頸線條到鎖骨陰影；艾洛伊茲則擁有新時代女性的特質，帶著尖刺衝撞傳統，衝撞自己毫無選擇權的未來，彷彿風雨欲來前的寧靜，在遺世獨立的小島上徒勞的與命運和世道抗衡，她不知自由為何物，比起自由更渴望心與心交會時的愛與陪伴. In solitude, I felt the liberty you spoke of. But I also felt your absence. 從懂得人與人的連結開始，孤寂的心靈必須年輕天真，才得以望穿真實，才得以看清言語無法度量的事實，例如失落，例如某人的缺席. 曖昧若有似無，怔怔默不作聲，目光流流離離，音樂的風暴難以言喻，兩種不服輸的性格彼此牽引，艾洛伊茲看似冷漠刻意築起的透明隔閡漸漸消失，她沒有意識到渴望奔跑也是一種對自由與解脫的嚮往，不假掩飾的直率眼神透露藝術重要的只在情感表達；然而某種層面而言，瑪麗安娜才是受世俗枷鎖禁錮的靈魂，她必須按照世道行走，方能在那個時代裡尋找到屬於女性的小小立足點，肖像畫有既定規則，人生也是，並不掌握在我們自己手上. 面對面時，心思可以隱藏，情緒可以克制，言語可以掩飾，但當我們面對優秀的藝術創作時，絕不可能繼續戴著自我保護的偽裝或面具，沒有人做得到抑制情感同時完美表達情感，很多無法言傳的事物總會放肆地從眼神裡流淌出來，好比欲望，好比愛恨，好比 Elio 藏在背後的 Cor cordium（編按：Elio 即 Call Me by Your Name 的主角之一. Cor cordium 是拉丁文，意為 Heart of Hearts）. 這一幕熱淚夾雜酸楚湧上心頭，當妳看著我時，我又看著誰？妳抿嘴不眨眼睛，我挑眉用嘴呼吸，一顰一笑細微習慣逃不出漸趨狹窄的深度凝視，原來還是愛情貼心貼肺的動人姿態，在雙向來回的凝望之間，當妳提筆畫著我的時候，恍惚之間我恨不得一刀一刀將此刻刻入身體深處，時針為此停擺，時間為此停頓，鍾曉陽如此形容： 「她的視野日漸縮窄到只容他一人，他背後的東西她完全看不見，一切遠景都在他身上，甚或沒有遠景，而他就是她的絕路.」 渾然天成的落日餘暉只燃燒十分鐘，夜幕低垂的靜謐燈火只閃耀一小時，分分秒秒都在變化，任誰也帶不走一片雲彩，歲月沉澱後依然於記憶中真實迴盪，或許正因並非無窮無盡而更令人屏息艷羨.有些短短剎那就是永恆，畫筆也像月亮，只有這兩個人的身影清晰於火光搖曳處，什麼時候會知道已經畫完了呢？那一刻筆將自然停駐，那一刻也瞬間嚐盡人世間的聚散與悲歡，奧菲斯回過頭來，艾洛伊茲也回過頭來，這次不是詩人的抉擇，而是愛情刻骨銘心的選擇，在她眼前已經沒有遠景，只剩絕路. 傳統價值的禁錮，社會環境的束縛，都賦予這段與世隔絕的戀情如影隨形的窒息壓迫，存在於這對鴛鴦之間的矛盾與拉扯都是一場有如《一一》的二對立，無論是兩個人人與藝術或是人與社會，都是洋洋始終想捕捉的「後腦勺／看不見的後面」，凝視與被凝視，畫人與被畫，一動與一靜，寒風與烈焰，媚俗與寫實，依循型式與順從情感，畫牽起情意也斬斷緣份，但唯一穿越對立面的就是這些瞬間才組成了永恆. 在細微的不經意之中，沒有人能用語言描述樂章裡風暴，一如沒有人能合理解釋愛情的降生，雙手交錯，雙唇交疊，在沙灘上，在礁岩後方，在關起門以後，內在展開的時間與空間不同於可測量的時間與空間，那是由戀人們親手創造的一切，彷彿我在妳的夢裡，妳在我的夢裡，假使未曾相遇，眼前的種種也就不復存在.愛慾難分難捨，沉迷的非線性的找到一個方向來回閱讀情人的身體，妳的呼吸起伏盤起又散開的髮絲眼角含笑的殘影純粹澄澈的注視再自然不過的習慣反應，那些被稱之為浪費的時間皆非虛擲，有時候，朝向彼此身邊靠近一步往往需要繞上一大圈. 夜幕降臨之際煙火才可能完美，爐火劈啪地聲響，漸趨遙遠的凝視，空氣停滯的落寞，淚眼迷濛的別離，她毅然決然轉過身來，無論是否接受，無論逃避與否，這個世界仍舊照著自己的步調運轉，這兩個無懼的身影教會我們，其實拋下一切廝守終生並非勇敢，更勇敢的是抱著遺憾接受命運. 《燃燒女子的畫像》一如多數法國電影，是不帶色情眼光的描繪情慾，細膩流轉，絕美動人，愛與慾驅動著靈肉合一的追求，第 28 頁持續隱隱作痛，〈四季〉越發磅礡壯闊，夜空一輪明月更顯寧遠，高掛在任誰都無法觸碰的無邊記憶，思念不聽使喚模糊了視線，在失去對方的孤寂裡耗盡一輩子懷念餘燼的溫度，每個人都有過快樂的日子，然而快樂的日子終會觸及彼岸，只是一輪明月不知不覺就跟了天涯海角一生一世. 她們成為彼此的天使，從天而降，曾經愛情像狂風驟雨，為生命灑上五顏六色，而今愛情是自暴自棄，自暴自棄面對命運浮沉與心之所向，終究學會不再追尋答案.那一年夏天，初見是情感之長度，多年後重逢，再見是永恆之深度，裙襬的火舌早已撲熄，胸腔的烈焰卻再三復燃，不發一語任憑淚水張狂，原來誰也沒真正移開過目光. 川端康成寫著，年輕時人們都為愛而活，但年歲漸長後則為了活著而愛，每一段感情或早或晚都會走到結束的一天，也必定邁向悲傷的結局，幸好曾經路過一團煙霧後方的炙熱火光，燒得彷彿沒有明天，執手畫下時間停頓之美，那就是我們無論如何都應該愛一場的人. 作者網誌 （標題為編輯所擬）.

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https://seesaawiki.jp/gishizame/d/8uAO9IYZOmtv1ntb
https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/1071467-portrait-de-la-jeune-fille-en-feu-watch-full-length-mojo-dual-audio-onli
https://ucamprimaria.blogia.com/2020/020701-free-online-portrait-de-la-jeune-fille-en-feu-youtube-yesmovies-pirate-bay-no-si.php
https://elflogger.blogia.com/2020/020702-movie-portrait-de-la-jeune-fille-en-feu-youtube-streaming-countries-france.php
https://seesaawiki.jp/hensoko/d/Watch%20Movie%20Portrait%20de%20la%20jeune%20fille%20en%20feu%20720px%20mkv%20Part%201%20putlockers%20no%20lo

 

 

 

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